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中英术语索引

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本索引按原书英文词条顺序排列。每项先给出中文译名,再在括号内保留英文原词;“见(See)”与“另见(See also)”关系及全部原印刷页码均照录。

  • 加速度(Acceleration)

    • 早期宇宙中的暴胀(inflation in early universe),368
    • Newton 理论(Newton’s theory),1,151
    • 测地线之间的相对加速度(relative between geodesics),145
    • 狭义相对论中(in SR (special relativity)),11
    • 从无穷远处观察(viewed from infinity),246–247
  • 非时序集(Achronal set),79

  • 作用量(Action)

    • 经典场论(classical field theory),37
    • Hilbert 作用量(Hilbert),161
  • ADM 能量(Arnowitt、Deser 与 Misner)(ADM energy (Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner)),252–253

  • AdS/CFT 对应(AdS/CFT correspondence),328,421

  • 仿射参数(Affine parameter),109

  • 角(Angle)

    • 偏折角(deflection),352
    • Einstein 角(Einstein),351
  • 角直径距离(Angular diameter distance),348–349

  • 引力透镜中的角分离(Angular separation, gravitational lensing),351

  • 旋转黑洞的角速度(Angular velocity, rotating black holes),266

  • 湮灭/产生算符(Annihilation/creation operators),383,397

  • 形式集合的零化子(Annihilator, set of forms),441

  • 人择原理(Anthropic principle),359

  • 反 de Sitter 空间(Anti-de Sitter space),326–328,335

  • 反物质(Antimatter),365

  • 事件视界面积定理(Area theorem, event horizons),243–244

  • 反对称张量(Antisymmetric tensors),26

  • 反对称性(Antisymmetry)

    • 流形上的积分(manifolds, integration),88–89
    • Kronecker delta 的乘积(product of Kronecker deltas),83–84
    • Riemann 张量的反对称性(of Riemann tensor),126–127
    • 方括号(square brackets),27
  • 渐近平直性(Asymptotic flatness),197,249–253

  • 轴子(Axions),359

  • 重子物质(Baryonic matter),358,364–365

  • 基模(Basis modes),397

  • 基向量(Basis vectors),16–17,74,483

  • BBN:见大爆炸核合成(BBN. See Big Bang Nucleosynthesis)

  • Bekenstein 广义第二定律(Bekenstein generalized second law),272

  • Jocelyn Bell(Bell, Jocelyn),235

  • Bianchi 恒等式(Bianchi identity),128–129

  • 大爆炸(Big Bang)

    • 描述(described),76,340
    • 与较重元素(heavier elements and),364
    • 遗留辐射(leftover radiation),356
    • 奇点(singularity),76,340
  • 大爆炸核合成(BBN)(Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN)),363

  • 双脉冲星(Binary pulsar),218

  • Birkhoff 定理(Birkhoff’s theorem),197–204

  • 黑洞(Black holes)

    • 带电黑洞(Reissner–Nordström)(charged (Reissner–Nordström)),254–261
    • 形成(creation of),230,234
    • 描述(described),238–239
    • 熵(entropy),271,417
    • 事件视界(event horizons),205,222,239–244
    • Hawking 温度(Hawking temperature),376,414,416
    • Killing 视界(Killing horizons),244–248
    • 质量由电荷平衡(mass balanced by charge),259
    • 质量、电荷与自旋(mass, charge, and spin),248–254
    • 参数与热力学量的正比关系(parameters, proportionality to thermodynamics),416–417
    • 辐射(radiation from),412–421
    • 旋转黑洞(Kerr)(rotating (Kerr)),244,261–267
    • Schwarzschild 解(Schwarzschild solution),193,218–222,229–236
    • 超大质量黑洞的演化(supermassive, evolution of),320
    • 热力学与 Penrose 过程(thermodynamics and Penrose process),267–272
  • Bogoliubov 变换(Bogolubov transformations),398–399,408

  • 推动(Boosts),12

  • Boulware 真空(Boulware vacuum),414–415

  • 边界(Boundary)

    • 黑洞(black hole),239
    • 带边界流形(manifold with),451–452
    • 与区域的关系(of region and),421
    • Stokes 定理(Stokes’s Theorem),455
  • Boyer–Lindquist 坐标(Boyer–Lindquist coordinates),262

  • 源亮度(Brightness, source),354

  • Buchdahl 定理(Buchdahl’s theorem),234

  • 正则对易关系(Canonical commutation relations),381,389,395

  • Cartan 结构方程(Cartan structure equations),488–489

  • Carter–Penrose 图:见共形图(Carter–Penrose diagrams. See conformal diagrams)

  • Cauchy 视界(Cauchy horizon),79–81

  • Cauchy 曲面(Cauchy surface)

    • 因果性(causality),80
    • 黑洞熵(entropy, black hole),418
  • 因果性(Causality)

    • 非时序性(achronal),79
    • Cauchy 视界(Cauchy horizon),80–81
    • 时序未来(chronological future),79
    • 因果曲线的定义(curve, defining),79
    • 未来(future),79–80
    • 初值问题(initial-value problems),78
    • 光锥(light cones),4–5,9
  • 因果性(续)(Causality (continued))

    • Misner 空间(Misner space),81
    • 部分 Cauchy 曲面(partial Cauchy surface),80
    • 奇点(singularities),81–82
  • CDM(冷暗物质)(CDM (cold dark matter)),359

  • 链式法则(Chain rule),62,64–65,152

  • Chandrasekhar 极限(Chandrasekhar limit),235,355

  • 电荷密度(Charge density),305

  • 带电黑洞:见 Reissner–Nordström 黑洞(Charged black holes. See Reissner–Nordström black holes)

  • Christoffel 联络(Christoffel connection),99–100,101,108,489

  • Christoffel 符号(Christoffel symbol)

    • 共形变换(conformal transformation),468–469
    • 定义(defined),93,99
    • 膨胀宇宙度规中的计算(expanding-universe metric, calculating),113–115
    • 消失及其与 Riemann 张量的关系(vanishing, Riemann tensor and),126
  • 时序未来(Chronological future),79

  • 圆轨道(Circular orbits),305

  • 经典场论(Classical field theory)

    • 作用量(action),37–38,159
    • 弯曲时空(curved spacetime),159–160
    • d’Alembert 算符(d’Alembertian),41,160,360
    • 有效场论(effective field theory),45,180,189
    • 能量-动量张量(energy-momentum tensor),44,164–165
    • Euler–Lagrange 方程(Euler–Lagrange equations),37,39,40,160
    • 规范不变性与规范变换(gauge invariance and transformation),42
    • Klein–Gordon 方程(Klein–Gordon equation),42
    • Lagrangian 密度(Lagrange density),38,44–45,159–160
    • 自然单位(natural units),38
    • 标量场(scalar field),40,160,164,360,369
    • 用 Stokes 定理转换表面项(surface term, converting by Stokes’s theorem),39–40
    • 向量势(vector potential),42–43
  • 时钟同步(Clocks, synchronizing),7

  • 闭宇宙(Closed universe),330,337,343

  • 闭形式(Closed forms),85,441–442

  • 闭合类时曲线(Closed timelike curves),80–81,266

  • CMB:见宇宙微波背景(CMB. See Cosmic Microwave Background)

  • Codazzi 方程(Codacci’s equation),451

  • 余维数(Codimension),439

  • 巧合问题(Coincidence problem),359

  • “逗号变分号”规则(“Comma-Goes-to-Semicolon” rule),152

  • 向量的对易子(Commutator, vector),67

  • 共动坐标(Comoving coordinates),329

  • 共形紧化(Compactification, conformal),475–476

  • 分量(Components)

    • 对偶向量(dual vector),19,68–69
    • 非坐标基(noncoordinate basis),483–486
    • 向量(vector),17,65–66
    • 张量(tensor),21–22,69
  • 光锥:见光锥(Cones, light. See light cones)

  • 共形耦合(Conformal coupling),395

  • 共形图(Conformal diagrams)

    • 反 de Sitter(anti de Sitter),327
    • 渐近平直(asymptotically flat),240
    • 坍缩恒星(collapsing star),230
    • de Sitter(de Sitter),325
    • 定义(defined),471–478
    • 蒸发黑洞(evaporating black hole),419
    • Kerr(Kerr),265
    • Minkowski(Minkowski),475
    • Reissner–Nordström(Reissner–Nordström),257–259
    • Robertson–Walker(Robertson–Walker),478
    • Schwarzschild(Schwarzschild),229
  • 共形标架(Conformal frame),468

  • 共形无穷远(Conformal infinity),475–476

  • 共形张量:见 Weyl 张量(Conformal tensor. See Weyl tensor)

  • 共形变换(Conformal transformations),467–469

  • 测地线丛(Congruence),459–465

  • 共轭动量(Conjugate momentum),395

  • 联络(Connection)

    • 协变导数(covariant derivatives),95–96,99–100
    • 曲率的体现(curvature, manifesting),93
    • 自旋联络(spin),486
    • 涉及挠率张量(torsion tensor involving),128–129
  • 守恒(Conservation)

    • 能量-动量守恒定律(energy-momentum, law of),35,118,153
    • 相空间密度的 Liouville 定理(phase-space density, Liouville’s theorem of),353
  • 守恒能量(Conserved energy),137–138,344

  • 映射的连续性(Continuity of a map),58

  • 张量缩并(Contraction, tensor)

    • 构成 Ricci 张量(forming Ricci),129
    • 运算(manipulating),25
  • 逆变向量(Contravariant vectors),19

  • 会聚透镜势(Convergence lensing potential),352–253

  • 坐标基(Coordinate basis),65–66

  • 坐标(Coordinates)

    • Boyer–Lindquist(Boyer–Lindquist),262
    • 坐标改变时的变换定律(changes in, transformation law),66–67,69,429–430,486
    • 共动坐标(comoving),329
    • Gaussian 法坐标(Gaussian normal),445
    • Kruskal 坐标(Kruskal),225–226
    • 局部惯性坐标(locally inertial),74–76,112
    • Riemann 法坐标(Riemann normal),112–113
    • 把 Boyer–Lindquist 化为 Schwarzschild 坐标(Schwarzschild, reducing Boyer–Lindquist to),262
    • 时空坐标的记号(spacetime, denoting),8
    • 坐标变换(transformation),66,68–69,429–430
  • Copernicus 原理(Copernican principle),323

  • 核坍缩(Core collapse),319

  • 宇宙审查猜想(Cosmic censorship conjecture),243

  • 宇宙微波背景(CMB)(Cosmic microwave background (CMB))

    • 各向异性(anisotropy),329,337,357–358,365,371–374
    • 能量密度(energy density),356
    • 与宇宙几何(and geometry of the universe),337,358
    • 引力波(gravitational waves),320,373–374
    • 视界问题(horizon problem),368
    • 各向同性(isotropy),323
    • 偏振(polarization),320,373–374
    • 复合(recombination),364,368
    • 温度(temperature),361,371
  • 宇宙学红移(Cosmological redshift),116–117,344–345

  • 宇宙学常数:见真空能(Cosmological constant. See vacuum energy)

  • 宇宙学(Cosmology)

    • Friedmann 方程(Friedmann equation),333–337
    • 引力透镜(gravitational lensing),349–355
    • 暴胀(inflation),365–374
  • 宇宙学(续)(Cosmology (continued))

    • 最大对称宇宙(maximally symmetric universes),323–329
    • 非平凡 Lorentz 几何的例子(nontrivial Lorentzian geometry example),76
    • 平行移动(parallel transport),104
    • 红移与距离(redshifts and distances),344–349
    • Robertson–Walker 度规(Robinson–Walker metrics),329–333
    • 尺度因子的演化(scale factor, evolution of),338–344
    • 当前与遥远过去的宇宙(universe, currently and in distant past),355–365
  • 余切丛(Cotangent bundle),19

  • 余切空间(Cotangent space),18–19

  • Coulomb 规范(Coulomb gauge),283

  • 协变导数(Covariant derivatives)

    • 联络系数(connection coefficients),95–96
    • 唯一确定联络(connection, defining unique),98–99,486–487
    • 弯曲空间(curved space),101
    • 定义(defining),94–95,98,486
    • 一般表达式(general expression),97
    • 度规相容联络(metric-compatible connection),99–100
    • 一形式的协变导数(of one-forms),96–97
    • 平行移动(parallel transport),105
    • 把偏导数转换为协变导数(partial derivatives, converting to),101–102
    • 分号记号(semicolon notation),97
    • 自旋联络(spin connection),486
  • 协变向量(Covariant vectors),19

  • 产生/湮灭算符(Creation/annihilation operators),383,389–390,397

  • 临界密度(Critical density),337

  • 电流四维向量(Current 4-vector),29–30

  • 曲率(Curvature)

    • Christoffel 联络消失(Christoffel connection, vanishing),101
    • Christoffel 符号(Christoffel symbol),93
    • 协变导数(covariant derivatives),94–102
    • 描述(described),93–94
    • Einstein 等效原理(EEP)(Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP)),50,151
    • 膨胀宇宙(expanding universe),113–120
    • 外曲率(extrinsic),449–450
    • 与平直空间的对比(flat space versus),103
    • 引力作为曲率(gravity as),1–2,50–54,153–154,156–158
    • 超曲面(hypersurface),451
    • 积分曲线(integral curves),430
    • 物理定律的推广(laws of physics, generalizing),152–153
    • 最大对称空间(maximally symmetric spaces),139–144
    • 欧几里得空间中的直线概念:见测地线(notion of a straight line in Euclidean space. See geodesics)
    • 开、平直与闭(open, flat, and closed),330
    • 平行公设(parallel postulate),144
    • 平行移动与测地线(parallel transport and geodesics),102–108
    • Riemann 张量(Riemann tensor),121–133
    • 对称性与 Killing 向量(symmetries and killing vectors),133–139
    • 二形式(two-form),488–489
  • 曲率标量(Curvature scalar),129–130

  • 曲率张量:见 Riemann 张量(Curvature tensor. See Riemann tensor)

  • 弯曲时空(Curved spacetime)

    • Einstein 等效原理(EEP)(Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP)),53–54
    • 引力(gravitation),151–155
    • 其中的 Taylor 展开(Taylor expansion in),107
  • d’Alembert 算符(d’Alembertian operator)

    • 共形变换(conformal transformation),469
    • 定义(defined),41
    • Green 函数(Green function),301–302
  • 黑暗时代(Dark ages),365

  • 暗能量(Dark energy),360

  • DEC:见主导能量条件(DEC. See Dominant Energy Condition)

  • 减速参数(Deceleration parameter),337

  • 偏折角(Deflection angle),290–292,352

  • 自由度(Degrees of freedom)

    • 与区域边界(boundary of region and),421
    • 相对论性自由度的有效数目(effective number of relativistic),361
    • 平直时空(flat spacetime),387
    • 引力自由度(gravitational),279–286
  • Delta 函数(Delta function),47,191,302

  • 密度:另见能量密度(Density. See also energy density)

    • 均方根(RMS)涨落(root-mean-square (RMS) fluctuation),371
    • 张量密度(tensor),82–84
    • 宇宙中的变化(universes, variations in),323
  • 密度参数(Density parameter),337

  • 未来依赖域(Dependence, future domain of),79

  • de Sitter 空间(De Sitter space)

    • 描述(described),324–326
    • 正曲率最大对称时空(positively curved maximally symmetric spacetime),144
    • 真空主导宇宙(vacuum-dominated universe),335
  • 测地线偏离(Deviation, geodesic),144

  • 微分同胚(Diffeomorphisms),59,276–278,429–431

  • 可微流形:见流形(Differentiable manifolds. See manifolds)

  • 微分形式(Differential forms)

    • 闭形式(closed),85
    • 曲率(curvature),488–489
    • 定义(defined),84
    • 上同调空间的维数(dimensionality of cohomology),85–86
    • 恰当形式(exact),85
    • 外微分(exterior derivative),84–85
    • Hodge 对偶(Hodge duality),86,87
    • Levi–Civita(Levi–Civita),86
    • 自旋联络(spin connection),488
    • 挠率(torsion),488
    • 真空 Maxwell 方程(vacuum Maxwell’s equations),87
    • 向量势(vector potential),87
    • 楔积(wedge product),84
  • 微分(Differentiation)

    • 协变微分(covariant),94–99,486
    • 协变外微分(covariant exterior),489
    • 外微分(exterior),84
    • Lie 微分(Lie),429
    • 偏微分(partial),20,29
  • 膨胀子(Dilaton),189,300

  • 维数(Dimension),17,54–55,59–60

  • Dirac 量子化条件(Dirac’s quantization condition),87

  • 方向协变导数(Directional covariant derivative),105

  • 方向导数(Directional derivatives),63–64

  • 主导能量条件(Dominant Energy Condition),175–177

  • Doppler 效应(Doppler effect),52–53,329

  • 点积:见内积(Dot product. See inner product)

  • 对偶向量(Dual vectors)

    • 作用(action),19–20
    • 余切空间(cotangent space),18–19
    • 协变/逆变向量(covariant/contravariant vectors),19
    • 协变导数(covariant derivatives),96–97
  • 对偶向量(续)(Dual vectors (continued))

    • 标量函数的梯度(gradient of a scalar function),20
    • 正交归一(orthonormal),484
    • 拉回算符(pullback operator),425–426
    • 生成曲面的(surface-forming),441
    • 变换定律(transformation law),20,68–69
  • 哑指标(Dummy indices),9

  • 尘埃(Dust)

    • 表现为尘埃的物质(matter behaving like),119,334
    • 粒子数通量四维向量(number-flux four-vector),33–34
    • 静态引力的建模(static gravitating forces, modeling),286–287
  • Dyson 公式(Dyson’s Formula),481

  • Sir Arthur Eddington(Eddington, Sir Arthur),292

  • EEP:见 Einstein 等效原理(EEP. See Einstein Equivalence Principle)

  • 有效场论(Effective field theory),45,180,189

  • 相对论性自由度的有效数目(Effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom),361

  • 能量本征态(Eigenstates, energy),381–382

  • Einstein(Einstein)

    • 广义相对论方程:见 Einstein 方程(equation of general relativity. See Einstein’s equation)
    • 空间、时间与引力理论:见广义相对论(GR)(theory of space, time, and gravitation. See general relativity (GR))
    • 对太阳偏折光线的看法(view of deflection of light by sun),291–292
    • 对弱等效原理(WEP)的推广(Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP), generalizing),48–50
  • Einstein 角(Einstein angle),351,352

  • Einstein–de Sitter 模型(Einstein–de Sitter model),340

  • Einstein 等效原理(EEP)(Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP))

    • 与时空曲率(curvature of spacetime and),50
    • 引力红移(gravitational redshift),52–53
    • 引力作为时空曲率的表现(gravity as manifestation of curvature of spacetime),48–54,151–153
  • Einstein 标架(Einstein frame),184–189

  • Einstein–Hilbert 作用量(Einstein–Hilbert action),161,299

  • Einstein 半径(Einstein radius),351

  • Einstein 环(Einstein ring),351

  • Einstein 方程(Einstein’s equation)

    • 推导(derived),155–165,299
    • 性质(properties),164–171
    • 微扰形式(perturbed),275–276,281–285,307–308
    • 横向规范(transverse gauge),287
  • Einstein 空间(Einstein space),328

  • Einstein 静态宇宙(Einstein static universe),325–327,344,474–475

  • Einstein 张量(Einstein tensor)

    • 自由度(degrees of freedom),282–283
    • Riemann 张量(Riemann tensor),130–131
  • 电磁辐射(Electromagnetic radiation),315

  • 电磁学(Electromagnetism)

    • 黑洞(black holes),238–239
    • 经典场论(classical field theory),42
    • Coulomb 规范(Coulomb gauge),283
    • 弯曲时空(curved spacetime),178
    • 能量-动量张量(energy-momentum tensor),44,254
    • 场强(field strength),24–25
    • 规范不变性(gauge invariance),278
    • Maxwell 方程(Maxwell’s equation),29–30
    • 量子电动力学(QED)(quantum electrodynamics (QED)),87
    • Stokes 定理(Stokes’s theorem),456
    • 张量与微分形式(tensors, differential forms),86–87
    • 向量势(vector potential),87
  • 电子复合(Electron recombination),364

  • 嵌入子流形(Embedded submanifold),439

  • Whitney 嵌入定理(Embedding theorem, Whitney’s),60

  • 能量:另见能量-动量张量(Energy. See also energy-momentum tensor)

    • ADM 能量(ADM energy),252–253
    • 膨胀宇宙(expanding universe),120
    • 从旋转黑洞提取(extracting from rotating black hole),267–272
    • Komar 积分(Komar integral),249–251
    • 引力辐射中的损失率(loss rate in gravitational radiation),307–315
    • 质量作为能量的表现(mass as manifestation of),49
    • 动量四维向量(momentum four-vector),31–32
    • 正能量定理(Schoen 与 Yau)(positive energy theorem (Shoen and Yau)),253
    • 静态时空(static spacetime),137
    • 真空:见真空能(vacuum. See vacuum energy)
  • 能量条件(Energy conditions),174–177

  • 能量密度(Energy density)

    • 定义(defined),33–37
    • Friedmann 方程(Friedmann equation),338,340
    • 引力波(gravitational waves),304
    • 物质中(in matter),119,334–335
    • 负能量密度(negative),339–340
    • 辐射(radiation),119,335
    • 真空(vacuum),35,119,171–174,335,341–344,358
  • 能量本征态(Energy eigenstates),381–382

  • 能量-动量张量(Energy-momentum tensor)

    • 经典场论(classical field theory),44
    • 守恒方程(conservation equation),35,118,153,435–436
    • 定义(defined),33,164–165
    • 尘埃(dust),34
    • 电磁学(electromagnetism),44,254
    • 能量密度(energy density),33–37
    • 流体(fluid),33
    • 推广到弯曲时空(generalizing to curved spacetime),153,164–165
    • 引力(gravitation),307–310
    • Minkowski 时空(Minkowski spacetime),30–31
    • 粒子数通量四维向量(number-flux four-vector),33–34
    • 完美流体(perfect fluid),34–37
    • 压强(pressure),33
    • 标量场(scalar field),44
    • 对称性(symmetry),33
    • 真空(vacuum),35,171–172
    • 正能量定理(Schoen 与 Yau)(positive energy theorem (Shoen and Yau)),253
    • 静态时空(static spacetime),137
    • 真空:见真空能(vacuum. See vacuum energy)
  • 熵(Entropy),272,417–418

  • 状态方程参数(Equation-of-state parameter),175–176,334–335,338–340

  • 平衡分布函数(Equilibrium distribution function),361

  • 等效原理(Equivalence principle)

    • 与弯曲时空(and curved spacetime),48–54,151–153
    • Einstein 等效原理(EEP)(Einstein (EEP)),50
    • 引力红移(gravitational redshift),52–53
    • 解释(interpretation),177–181
    • 强等效原理(SEP)(strong (SEP)),50
    • 弱等效原理(WEP)(weak (WEP)),48–50
  • 能层(Ergosphere),264,268

  • 能层面:见静止极限面(Ergosurface. See stationary limit surface)

  • 欧几里得几何(Euclidean geometry)

    • 等距映射(isometries),139–140
    • 最大对称空间(maximally symmetric space),141–143
    • 度规(metric),13
    • 度规张量(metric tensor),73
    • 正交变换(orthogonal transformations),485
    • 平行公设(parallel postulate),144
  • Euler 方程(Euler equation),37

  • Euler–Lagrange 方程(Euler–Lagrange equation)

    • 经典场论(classical field theory),37,39,40
    • 弯曲时空(curved spacetime),159–160
    • 测地线(geodesics),107
    • 向量势(vector potential),42–43
  • 黑洞蒸发(Evaporation, black hole),239,412–422

  • 事件(Event),4

  • 事件视界(Event horizons)

    • 面积定理(Hawking)(area theorem (Hawking)),243–244
    • 已蒸发黑洞(black holes, evaporated),418
    • 定义(defined),222,239–240
    • 寻找(finding),241–242
    • 未来(future),241
    • 作为类光超曲面(as null hypersurface),240–241
    • 奇点(singularities),242–243
  • 膨胀(Expansion)

    • 减速参数(deceleration parameter),337
    • 测地线丛(geodesic congruence),460,464
    • Hubble 参数(Hubble parameter),336
    • 宇宙的例子(universe, example),76–78,113–120,476–478,490–492
  • 指数映射(Exponential map),111

  • 微分形式的外微分(Exterior derivative of differential form),84–85

  • 额外维(Extra dimension),60,181,186–189,374–375

  • 外曲率(Extrinsic curvature),449–450

  • Fermat 最短时间原理(Fermat’s principle of least time),293

  • 费米子(Fermions),44,235,361

  • Feynman 图(Feynman diagrams),166–167,416

  • 纤维丛(Fiber bundle),16,493–494

  • 场(Field)

    • 经典场:见经典场论(classical, see classical field theory)
    • 对偶向量场(dual vector),19
    • 电磁场:见电磁学(electromagnetic, see electromagnetism)
    • 量子场:见量子场论(quantum, see quantum field theory)
    • 标量场(scalar),19,40–42,160,164,360,369,386–411
    • 张量场(tensor),23
    • 向量场(vector),16
  • 超曲面的第一基本形式(First fundamental form, hypersurface),449

  • 平直宇宙(Flat universe),76–78,113–120,330,337,343

  • 平直空间:见欧几里得几何、Minkowski 时空(Flat space. See Euclidean geometry, Minkowski space)

  • 流体(Fluids)

    • 宇宙学流体(cosmological),334
    • 能量与动量(energy and momentum),33,34–37
    • 膨胀宇宙度规(expanding universe metric),118–119
    • 完美流体(perfect),34
  • Fock 基(Fock basis),390–393,396–397

  • Fourier 变换(Fourier transform),283–284,303–304

  • 四维向量:见向量(Four-vector. See vector)

  • 标架(Frame)

    • 共形标架(conformal),468
    • 惯性标架(inertial),6–7
    • 局部惯性标架(locally inertial),50–51
  • 自由度:见自由度(Freedom, degrees of. See degrees of freedom)

  • 自由粒子(Free particle)

    • 沿测地线运动(geodesics, moving along),152–153
    • 对时空曲率的响应(response to spacetime curvature),2
    • 测试粒子(test particles),108
  • Hubble 摩擦(Friction, Hubble),360–361

  • Friedmann 方程(Friedmann equation)

    • 宇宙学(cosmology),333–337
    • 能量密度(energy density),338,340
    • 平直性问题(flatness problem),366
    • 寻找静态解(static solutions, finding),343
  • Friedmann–Robertson–Walker 宇宙:见 FRW 宇宙(Friedmann–Robertson–Walker universes. See FRW universes)

  • Frobenius 定理(Frobenius’s theorem),198,440–442,445

  • FRW(Friedman–Robertson–Walker)宇宙(FRW (Friedman–Robertson–Walker) universes),336

  • 未来(Future),79–80

  • 规范场(Gauge fields),44

  • 规范不变性(Gauge invariance),42,276–277,493

  • 规范变换(Gauge transformation)

    • 场强张量的性质(field strength tensor property),42,300–301,493
    • 微扰理论(perturbation theory),274–278
  • Gauss–Bonnet 定理(Gauss–Bonnet theorem),143

  • Gaussian 法坐标(Gaussian normal coordinates)

    • 超曲面(hypersurfaces),445–447
    • 作为同步规范(synchronous gauge as),284
  • Gauss 方程(Gauss’s equation),451,456

  • 一般坐标变换(General coordinate transformations),486

  • 广义相对论(GR):另见因果性、Einstein 方程(General relativity (GR). See also causality, Einstein’s equation)

    • 作为经典场论(as classical field theory),37,159–165
    • 理论所基于的联络(connection on which based),99–100
    • 描述(described),1–3
    • 引力(gravitation),151–192
    • Mercury 近日点进动(Mercury’s perihelion, precession of),291–292
    • 自旋(spin),253–254
    • 与对称性(symmetry and),133–134
    • 渐近平直时空的总能量(total energy of asymptotically flat spacetime),249–253
  • 生成元(Generator)

    • 微分同胚(diffeomorphism),431
    • 超曲面(hypersurface),443–444
  • 一般条件(Generic condition),242–243

  • 测地线偏离(Geodesic deviation),144–146

  • 测地线(Geodesics)

    • Christoffel 联络(Christoffel connection),108
    • 测地线丛(congruences),459–465
    • 定义(defined),2,105–106
    • 方程(equation),106–113
    • Euler–Lagrange 方程(Euler–Lagrange equations),107
    • 指数映射(exponential map),111
    • Gaussian 法坐标(Gaussian normal coordinates),445–447
    • 局部惯性坐标(locally inertial coordinates),112
  • 测地线(续)(Geodesics (continued))

    • 固有时的极大值(as maxima of proper time),110–111
    • Kerr 度规中的运动(movement along in Kerr metric),267
    • 类光路径(null paths),109–110
    • 参数化(parameterization),109
    • 微扰形式(perturbed),288–293
    • 测地线之间的相对加速度(relative acceleration between),145
    • Riemann 法坐标(Riemann normal coordinates),112–113
    • Schwarzschild 解(Schwarzschild solution),205–212
    • 最短距离定义(shortest-distance definition),106–107
    • 流形中的奇点(singularities in manifold),111–112
    • 测试粒子(test particle),108,152
    • 类时路径方程的写法(timelike paths, writing equation),109
    • 不变的特征(unchanging character),110
  • 几何时间延迟(Geometric time delay),292–293

  • 几何:另见曲率(Geometry. See also curvature)

    • 定义为对 Pythagoras 定理的偏离(defined as deviating from Pythagorean theorem),2,71–76
    • 引力作为几何(gravity as),48–54
  • Gibbons–Hawking 温度(Gibbons–Hawking temperature),371

  • GR:见广义相对论(GR. See general relativity)

  • 梯度(Gradient)

    • 微分形式的外微分(exterior derivative of differential form),84–85
    • 标量函数的梯度(of a scalar function),20
  • 引力:另见广义相对论(Gravitation. See also general relativity)

    • 替代理论(alternative theories),181–190
    • 弯曲时空(curved spacetime),53–54,151–155
    • Einstein 方程(Einstein’s equation),155–159,164–171
    • 能量条件(energy conditions),174–177
    • 能量-动量(energy-momentum),307–310
    • 等效原理(equivalence principle),177–181
    • Lagrangian 表述(Lagrangian formulation),159–165
    • 局部惯性标架(locally inertial frames),50
    • Newton 引力定律(Newton’s law of gravity),48–49
    • 标量-张量理论(scalar-tensor theories),181–184
    • 与匀加速的区分(uniform acceleration, distinguishing),49
  • 引力坍缩(Gravitational collapse),230,234–236,415

  • Newton 引力常数(Gravitational constant, Newton’s),151

  • 引力透镜(Gravitational lensing),349–355

  • 引力辐射:另见引力波(Gravitational radiation. See also gravitational waves)

    • 能量损失率(energy loss rate),307–315
    • 微扰理论(perturbation theory),274–322
  • 引力红移(Gravitational redshift),52–53,216–218

  • 引力时间延迟(Gravitational time delay),292

  • 引力波(Gravitational waves)

    • Fourier 变换(Fourier transform),303–304
    • 规范变换(gauge transformation),300–301
    • Lorenz 规范(Lorenz gauge),301
    • 度规微扰(metric perturbation),306–307
    • 观测站(observatory),316–319
    • 四极矩张量与公式(quadrupole moment tensor and formula),304–306
    • 解(solutions)
      • 描述(described),293
      • 频率(frequency),295
      • 平面波解(plane wave solution),294,295
      • 偏振态(polarization states),298–299
      • 光速传播(speed of light propagation),295
      • 弦理论线索(string theory, clues to),299–300
      • 测试粒子(test particles),296–298
      • 横向无迹规范(transverse traceless gauge),293–294
  • 重力:见引力(Gravity. See gravitation)

  • Green 函数(Green function),301–302

  • Hadamard 态(Hadamard state),401

  • 半平面几何(Half-plane geometry),141–142

  • 谐和规范(Harmonic gauge),284–285,301,321

  • 谐振子(Harmonic oscillator)

    • 经典(classical),41–42,379
    • 量子(quantum),381–385
  • Hartle–Hawking 真空(Hartle–Hawking vacuum),414

  • Hawking(Hawking)

    • 面积定理(area theorem),243–244
    • 效应与黑洞蒸发(effect and black hole evaporation),412–422
    • 稳恒黑洞的事件视界(event horizon of stationary black hole),244–245
    • 辐射(radiation),239,412–422
    • 奇点定理(singularity theorems),242
    • 温度(temperature),376,413–414
  • Heisenberg 运动方程(Heisenberg equation of motion),384

  • Heisenberg 图景(Heisenberg picture),380,383–384

  • Higgs 场(Higgs fields),44

  • Hilbert 作用量(Hilbert action),161,299

  • Hilbert 空间(Hilbert space),380,390,435

  • Hodge 对偶(Hodge duality),86,87

  • 全息原理(Holographic principle),421

  • 回路的完整群(Holonomy of loop),481

  • 均匀性(Homogeneity),323–324,366,369

  • 视界问题(Horizon problem),366

  • Hubble 常数(Hubble constant),336,355–356

  • Hubble 定律(Hubble law),346

  • Hubble 长度(Hubble length),336–337

  • Hubble 参数(Hubble parameter)

    • 定义(defined),336
    • 膨胀率下降(expansion rate, decreasing),339
    • 作为摩擦项(as friction term),360–361
    • 慢滚(slow-roll),369–370
  • Hubble 时间(Hubble time),337

  • 流体静力平衡方程:见 Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff 方程(Hydrostatic equilibrium, equation of. See Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation)

  • 超曲面(Hypersurface)

    • 黑洞边界(boundary of black holes),239
    • 超曲面丛(congruence),462
    • 外曲率(extrinsic curvature),449–451
    • 第一基本形式(first fundamental form),449
    • Gaussian 法坐标(Gaussian normal coordinates),445–447
    • 生成元(generator),443–444
    • 诱导度规(induced metric),427,447
    • 性质(properties),443–452
    • 第二基本形式(second fundamental form),450
    • Stokes 定理(Stokes’s Theorem),455
  • 恒等映射(Identity map),23,96,485

  • 浸入子流形(Immersed submanifold),439

  • Riemann 张量的独立分量(Independent components, Riemann tensor),127–128

  • 指标(Indices)

    • 反对称化(antisymmetry),26–28
    • 基向量(basis vectors),17
    • 缩并(contraction),25,28
    • 哑指标(dummy),9
    • 次序(order),22
    • 正交归一(平直)(orthonormal (flat)),483–486
    • 升降指标(raising and lowering),25
    • 空间指标(spatial),8
    • 求和约定(summation convention),8–9
    • 对称化(symmetry),26–28
  • 子流形的诱导度规(Induced metric, submanifold),427,447–448

  • 惯性坐标:另见局部惯性坐标(Inertial coordinates. See also locally inertial coordinates)

    • Minkowski 时空(Minkowski space),6–8
    • 其中的时钟同步(synchronizing clocks in),7
  • 惯性标架:见惯性坐标(Inertial frame. See inertial coordinates)

  • 无限红移面(Infinite redshift surface),247

  • 无穷远(Infinity)

    • 从无穷远观察到的加速度(acceleration viewed from),246–247
    • 反 de Sitter 空间(anti-de Sitter space),327–328
    • 渐近平直性(asymptotic flatness),197,249–253
    • 共形无穷远(conformal),475–476
  • 暴胀(Inflation),320,365–374,369,377

  • 信息丢失悖论(Information loss paradox),418–420

  • 初值问题(Initial-value problems),78

  • 内积(Inner product),23

  • 瞬时物理距离(Instantaneous physical distance),345

  • 积分曲线(Integral curves),430

  • 积分子流形(Integral submanifold),440

  • 流形上的积分(Integration on manifolds),88–90,453–457

  • 干涉仪(Interferometers),317–318

  • 间隔(Interval)

    • 固有时(proper time),9
    • 时空间隔(spacetime),7
  • 逆映射(Inverse map),58

  • 逆度规张量(Inverse metric tensor),23–24,71

  • 可逆映射(Invertible map),58

  • 黑洞的不可约质量(Irreducible mass of black hole),270

  • 孤立磁荷(磁单极子)(Isolated magnetic charges (monopoles)),255

  • 等距映射(Isometries),134–139,436–437

  • 各向同性(Isotropy),323–324,366

  • 映射的 Jacobian(Jacobian of map),62

  • Jordan 标架(Jordan frame),184

  • Kerr(旋转)黑洞(Kerr (rotating) black holes)

    • 角速度(angular velocity),266
    • Boyer–Lindquist 坐标(Boyer–Lindquist coordinates),262
    • 能层(ergosphere),264
    • Killing 张量(Killing tensor),263
    • 度规(metrics),262–263
    • 奇点(singularity),265
    • 对称性(symmetry),261
  • Killing 视界(Killing horizon)

    • 从无穷远观察到的加速度(acceleration viewed from infinity),246–247
    • 定义(defined),244
    • 与事件视界的比较(event horizon versus),244–245
    • Minkowski 时空(Minkowski space),245,405
    • 稳恒而非静态的时空(stationary, nonstatic spacetime),247–248
    • 表面引力(surface gravity),245–246
  • Killing 方程(Killing’s equation),136,437

  • Killing 张量(Killing tensor),136–137,263,344

  • Killing 向量(Killing vectors)

    • 共形(conformal),495
    • 守恒能量(conserved energy),137–138,344
    • 定义(defined),135–137,436–437
    • 欧几里得空间(Euclidean space),138–139
    • Komar 积分(Komar integral),251–252
    • 最大对称空间(maximally symmetric space),140
    • Minkowski 时空(Minkowski space),149,245,405
    • 与 Riemann 张量相关的导数(Riemann tensor, relating derivatives),137
    • Schwarzschild 度规(Schwarzschild metric),206–208
    • 球对称(spherical symmetry),138–139,149,197–198
    • 自旋(spin),253–254
  • Klein 瓶(Klein bottle),60

  • Klein–Gordon 方程(Klein–Gordon equation),42,160,360,386–389

  • Komar 积分(Komar integral),251–252

  • Kronecker delta(Kronecker delta),23,83–84

  • Kruskal 坐标与图(Kruskal coordinates and diagram),225–226

  • Lagrangian 密度(Lagrange density),38,159–160

  • GR 的 Lagrangian 表述(Lagrangian formulation of GR),159–165

  • Lagrangian(Lagrangian),37

  • 激光干涉仪(Laser interferometers),317–318

  • 正交归一基中的拉丁指标(Latin index, orthonormal bases),483

  • Leibniz 法则(Leibniz rule),67

  • 透镜方程(Lens equation),351

  • Lense–Thirring 效应(Lense–Thirring effect),320

  • 透镜效应(Lensing)

    • 宇宙学透镜(cosmological),349–355
    • Minkowski 背景(Minkowski background),288–293
    • 势(potential),352–353
    • 强透镜(strong),355
    • 弱透镜(weak),355
  • 轻子(Leptons),44,363

  • Levi–Civita 联络:见 Christoffel 联络(Levi–Civita connection. See Christoffel connection)

  • Levi–Civita 张量(Levi–Civita tensor),24,82–83,86,90,448

  • Lie 括号(Lie bracket),67,433

  • Lie 导数(Lie derivatives),429–437

  • 光:另见类光测地线(Light. See also null geodesics)

    • 太阳造成的偏折(deflection by sun),291–292
    • 光线的会聚(rays, convergence),353
    • 光速(speed of),7–8
  • 光锥(Light cones)

    • 共形变换(conformal transformations),471
    • 弯曲几何中的定义(curved geometry, defining),76–77
    • 定义(defined),4–5,9
    • 从大爆炸奇点开始膨胀的宇宙中(in universe expanding from Big Bang singularity),367
    • Lorentz 变换下的不变性(invariance under Lorentz transformation),15
  • 类光:见类光路径、类光分离(Lightlike (null). See Null paths, Null separated)

  • 线性化引力(Linearized gravity),274–286

  • 线元(Line element),11,71

  • Liouville 定理(Liouville’s theorem),353

  • 局部惯性坐标(Locally inertial coordinates),73–76,111–113

  • 局部惯性标架(Locally inertial frames),50–51,73–74,483–486

  • 回望时间(Lookback time),349

  • 回路的完整群(Loop, holonomy of),481

  • Lorentz 力(Lorentz force),32–33

  • Lorentz 型或伪 Riemann 型度规张量(Lorentzian or pseudo-Riemannian metric tensor),73

  • Lorentz 变换(Lorentz transformation)

    • 基向量(basis vectors),18
    • 定义(defined),12–15
    • 对偶向量(dual vector),20
    • Fock 基(Fock basis),390–393
    • 逆变换(inverse),18
    • 局部变换(local),486
    • 张量(tensor),22
    • 向量(vectors),17
  • Lorenz 规范(Lorenz gauge),284–285,301,321

  • 光度(Luminosity),346–348,355

  • 孤立磁荷(Magnetic charges, isolated),255

  • 放大率(Magnification),354

  • 放大率张量(Magnification tensor),353–354

  • 流形(Manifolds)

    • 基底以及与向量空间的并(base, union with vector spaces),16,493–494
    • 带边界(with boundary),451–452
    • 因果性(causality),78–82
    • 覆盖流形的坐标图(chart, covering),60–62
    • 共形图(conformal diagrams),471–478
    • 曲率的描述(curvature, describing),72
    • 描述(described),3,54–62
    • 微分同胚与 Lie 导数(diffeomorphisms and lie derivatives),429–437
    • 微分形式(differential forms),84–87
    • 额外维流形的尺度(extra-dimensional, size of),189
    • 四维 Minkowski 时空(four-dimensional Minkowski space),9
    • 引力作为几何(gravity as geometry),48–54
    • 积分(integration),88–90,453–458
    • 流形之间的映射(maps between),423–427
    • 最大对称空间(maximally symmetric space),140–144,323–329
    • 度规张量(metric tensor),71–76
    • 非坐标基(noncoordinate bases),483–495
    • 不属于流形的对象(objects that are not),56–57
    • 把切空间映射到流形区域(region, mapping tangent space to),111
    • Riemann 张量(Riemann tensor),124–125
    • 奇点(singularities),111–112,204–205
    • Stokes 定理(Stokes’s Theorem),453–458
    • 子流形(submanifolds),439–452
  • 映射(Mapping)

    • 流形(manifold),57,423–427
    • 切空间与流形区域(tangent space manifold region),111
  • 质量(Mass)

    • Newton 理论中的加速度(acceleration, according to Newton),1
    • 渐近平直时空(asymptotically flat spacetime),249–253
    • 黑洞(black holes),248–254,259,270
    • 狭义相对论(SR)(special relativity (SR)),49–50
  • 物质(Matter)

    • 不对称性(asymmetry),365
    • 暗物质(dark),359
    • 作为尘埃(as dust),33,119–120,334
    • 能量密度(energy density),119–120,334–335,338–343,356
    • 普通物质(ordinary),358–359
    • 对时空曲率的响应(response to spacetime curvature),2
    • 物质主导宇宙(universe dominated by),76,334,340,365
  • 最大延拓的 Schwarzschild 解(Maximally extended Schwarzschild solution),222–229

  • 最大对称空间(Maximally symmetric space)

    • 欧几里得空间(Euclidean),140
    • 等距映射(isometries),139–140
    • Minkowski 时空(Minkowski space),144
    • Poincaré 半平面(Poincaré half-plane),141–142
    • Riemann 张量(Riemann tensor),140–141,324
    • 时空(spacetimes),323–329
    • 球面(spheres),140
  • Maxwell 方程(Maxwell’s equations)

    • 弯曲时空(curved spacetime),178
    • 平直时空(flat spacetime),29–30
    • 微分形式(differential forms),86–87
  • Mercator 投影(Mercator projection),61

  • Mercury 近日点进动(Mercury’s perihelion, precession of),291–292

  • 度规(Metric)

    • 相容联络(compatible connection),99–100
    • 定义(defined),8
    • 诱导度规(induced),427–447
    • 局部惯性坐标(locally inertial coordinates),73–74
    • 对能量与动量的响应:见 Einstein 方程(response to energy and momentum. See Einstein’s equation)
    • 符号约定(sign convention),8
      • 标准形(canonical form),73
    • 不定型(Lorentz 型或伪 Riemann 型)(indefinite (Lorentzian or pseudo-Riemannian)),73
    • 正定型(欧几里得型或 Riemann 型)(positive (Euclidean or Riemannian)),73
    • 性质(properties),71–75
    • 号差(signature),73
    • 作用于两个向量(内积)(on two vectors (inner product)),23
  • 度规微扰:见弱场极限(Metric perturbation. See Weak-field limit)

  • 微引力透镜(Microlensing),352

  • Milne 宇宙(Milne universe),341

  • 最小耦合原理(Minimal-coupling principle),152–153,179–181,395

  • Minkowski 时空(Minkowski space)

    • 经典场论(classical field theory),37–45
    • 共形图(conformal diagrams),471–476
    • 描述(described),4–11
    • 对偶向量(dual vectors),18–20
    • 电磁学(electromagnetism),29–30
    • 能量与动量(energy and momentum),30–37
    • 惯性坐标(inertial coordinates),6–8
    • 等距映射(isometries),134,149,245,405
    • Killing 视界(Killing horizon),245,405
    • Lorentz 变换(Lorentz transformations),12–15
    • 最大对称时空(maximally symmetric spacetime),144
    • 点粒子电荷(point particle charge),457
    • 量子场论(quantum field theory),385–394,402–412
    • 时空图(spacetime diagram),9
    • 张量(tensors),21–29
    • 拓扑(topology of),85–86
    • Unruh 效应(Unruh effect),402–412
    • 向量(vectors),15–18
  • Misner 空间(Misner space),81

  • 动量四维向量:另见能量-动量张量(Momentum four-vector),31–32,109;另见能量-动量张量(See also energy-momentum tensor)

  • 磁单极子(Monopoles),255

  • 裸奇点(Naked singularity),243,256–257

  • 自然单位(Natural units),38

  • NEC:见类光能量条件(NEC. See Null Energy Condition)

  • 负曲率宇宙:见开宇宙(Negatively curved universe. See open universe)

  • 中性微子(Neutralinos),359

  • 中微子(Neutrinos),363–364

  • 中子星(Neutron star)

    • 形成(creation),235
    • 发出的引力辐射(gravitational radiation from),319
    • 真空态(vacuum state),415
  • Newton 理论(Newton’s theories)

    • 加速度(acceleration),1,151
    • 引力常数(gravitational constant),151
    • 引力理论(of gravity),1,48–49,153–154
    • 作为 GR 的极限(as limit of GR),153–154,157–158,286–293
    • 第二定律(Second Law),1,32–33
  • 无毛定理(No-hair theorem),238–239

  • 引力波观测站噪声(Noise, gravitational-wave observatories),318

  • 非重子暗物质(Nonbaryonic dark matter),359

  • 非坐标基(Noncoordinate bases),74,483–495

  • 向量的范数(Norm of a vector),23

  • n 维球面(n-sphere),55

  • n 维环面(n-torus),55

  • 核子与核结合能(Nucleon, nuclear binding energy),363

  • 核合成(Nucleosynthesis),364

  • 类光能量条件(Null Energy Condition),175–176

  • 类光超曲面(Null hypersurface),240–241,244–245,443–445

  • 类光路径(Null paths)

    • 定义(defined),31
    • 测地线(geodesics),109–110
    • 作为超曲面生成元(as hypersurface generators),443–445
  • 类光分离(Null separated),9

  • 粒子数密度(Number density),33–34,335

  • 粒子数通量四维向量(Number-flux four-vector),33–34

  • 粒子数算符(Number operator),382–383,390,397,410–411

  • 一形式:见对偶向量(One-forms. See dual vectors)

  • 一一映射(One-to-one map),57

  • 开球/开集(Open ball/set),59

  • 开宇宙(Open universe),330,337,343

  • Oppenheimer–Volkoff 极限(Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit),235

  • 普通物质(Ordinary matter),358–359

  • 正交变换(Orthogonal transformations),13,485

  • 正交向量(Orthogonal vectors),23

  • 正交归一基(Orthonormal basis),483–484

  • Palatini 形式体系(Palatini formalism),191

  • 平行公设(Parallel postulate),144

  • 平行传播子(Parallel propagator),479–481

  • 平行移动(Parallel transport)

    • 描述(described),103–104
    • 方向协变导数(directional covariant derivative),105
    • 传播子(propagator),479–481
    • Riemann 曲率张量(Riemann curvature tensor),122
    • 直线(straight line),106
  • 部分 Cauchy 曲面(Partial Cauchy surface),80

  • 偏导数(Partial derivatives)

    • 可交换性(commuting),29
    • 转换为协变导数(covariant derivatives, converting to),101–102
    • 梯度(gradient),20
    • 张量(tensors),28,70
  • 粒子加速器(Particle accelerator),393

  • 粒子(Particles)

    • 探测(detecting),398,399
    • 能量与动量(energy and momentum),32,47
    • 平直时空(flat spacetime),386
    • Minkowski 真空态中(in Minkowski vacuum state),412
    • 测试粒子(test),108
    • Unruh 效应(Unruh effect),402
  • 路径(Path)

    • 穿过时空的轨迹(locus through spacetime),4–5
    • 最短可能距离:见测地线(of shortest possible distance. See geodesics)
    • 沿其移动并保持向量不变:见平行移动(vector, moving along and keeping constant. See parallel transport)
  • 路径排序符号(Path-ordering symbol),480–481

  • Peccei–Quinn 对称性(Peccei–Quinn symmetry),359

  • Penrose(Penrose)

    • 图(diagrams),471–478
    • 黑洞过程(process for black holes),267–272
    • 奇点定理(singularity theorems),242
  • Mercury 近日点进动(Perihelion, precession of Mercury’s),291–292

  • 微扰理论(Perturbation theory)

    • 引力辐射造成的能量损失(energy loss due to gravitation radiation),307–315
    • 自由度(freedom, degrees of),279–286
    • 引力波(gravitational waves)
      • 探测(detecting),315–320
      • 产生(producing),300–307
      • 解(solutions),293–300
    • 与暴胀(inflation and),377
    • 线性化引力与规范变换(linearized gravity and gauge transformations),274–278
    • Newton 极限(Newtonian limit),153–154,157–158,286–293
    • 弦理论(string theory),143–144
  • 相空间密度的 Liouville 守恒定理(Phase-space density, Liouville’s conservation theorem),353

  • 光子(Photons)

    • 作为辐射的成分(as component of radiation),356
    • 产生(creation),349
    • 能量(energy),110
    • 类光测地线(null geodesics),109–110
    • 粒子数密度(number density),335
    • 静态 Newton 场中的路径(path of in static Newtonian field),288–289
    • 散粒噪声(shot noise),318
    • 速度(speed),7–8
    • 微扰理论中的轨迹(trajectories in perturbation theory),286–293
    • 波长与频率成反比:见红移(wavelength inverse to frequency. See redshift)
  • Planck 谱(Planck spectrum),411

  • 平面波(Plane waves),294,295,387–388

  • Poincaré(Poincaré)

    • 变换(transformations),14
    • 半平面(half-plane),141–142
  • 时空中的单个点:见事件(Point, individual in spacetime. See event)

  • 点质量(Point mass)

    • 偏折角的计算(deflection angle, evaluating),291
    • 引力透镜(gravitational lensing),351
  • 点粒子电荷(Point particle charge),457

  • Poisson 方程(Poisson equation)

    • 从 GR 推导(derived from GR),158,287–288
    • 被 Einstein 方程取代(Einstein’s equation superseding),155
    • Newton 引力(Newtonian gravity),1,151
  • 偏振(Polarization)

    • CMB(CMB),373–374
    • 引力波解(gravitational wave solutions),298–299
  • 正能量定理(Schoen 与 Yau)(Positive energy theorem (Shoen and Yau)),253

  • 正曲率宇宙:见闭宇宙(Positively curved universe. See Closed universe)

  • 原像(Preimage),58

  • 压强:另见能量-动量张量、状态方程参数(Pressure. See also energy-momentum tensors, equation-of-state parameter)

  • 压强(续)(Pressure (continued))

    • 定义(defined),33–37
    • 能量条件(energy conditions),174–177
    • 物质(尘埃)(matter (dust)),85,234
    • 完美流体(perfect fluid),34
    • 辐射(radiation),35,335–336
    • 第二 Friedmann 方程中(in second Friedmann equation),336
    • 真空(vacuum),35,335–336
  • 等效原理:见等效原理(Principle of Equivalence. See Equivalence principle)

  • Mercator 投影(Projection, Mercator),61

  • 投影张量(Projection tensor),36,312,449–451,460,463–465

  • 固有运动距离(Proper motion distance),348

  • 固有时(Proper time)

    • 作为仿射参数(as affine parameter),109
    • 测地线给出极大值(geodesics as maxima of),106–108,110–111
    • 时空间隔(spacetime interval),9
  • 质子(Protons),358,363–365

  • 拉回(Pullback),423,425–426

  • 脉冲星(Pulsars),235

  • 推前(Pushforward),424–425

  • 四极矩(Quadrupole moment),304–306,312–314

  • 量子色动力学(QCD)(Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)),167,363

  • 量子电动力学(QED)(Quantum electrodynamics (QED)),87,166–167

  • 量子场论(QFT)(Quantum field theory (QFT))

    • 黑洞的蒸发与消失(black holes, evaporation and disappearance of),239,412–422
    • 弯曲时空(curved spacetime),394–402
    • 有效场论(effective field theory),45,180,189
    • Feynman 图(Feynman diagrams),166–167,416
    • 平直时空(flat spacetime),385–394
    • 平行移动(parallel transport),479
    • Unruh 效应(Unruh effect),402–412
  • 量子引力理论(Quantum theory of gravity),166–167,170–171,299–300,376,418–421

  • 夸克(Quarks),44,362–363

  • 辐射(Radiation)

    • 大爆炸遗留辐射(Big Bang, leftover from),356–358
    • 能量密度(energy density),335,356
    • 状态方程(equation of state),119,334–335
    • Hawking 辐射(Hawking),239,412–422
    • 辐射主导的宇宙(universe dominated by)
      • 成分(components),356
      • 早期(early period),365
      • 膨胀(expansion),76,340
  • Radion(Radion),189

  • 半径(Radius)

    • Einstein 半径(Einstein),351
    • Schwarzschild 半径(Schwarzschild),413–414
    • 球面半径(of sphere),132–133
  • Raychaudhuri 方程(Raychaudhuri’s equation),149,167–168,191–192,375,461–462

  • 实向量空间(Real vector space),16

  • 退行速度(Recession velocity),346

  • 再坍缩(Recollapse),342–343

  • 复合(Recombination),364,367–368

  • 红移(Redshift)

    • 宇宙学红移(cosmological),116–117,344–349
    • 因子(factor),246,411–412
    • 引力红移(gravitational),52–54,216–218
    • 辐射密度(radiation density),335
  • 约化透镜角(Reduced lensing angle),350

  • 约化四极矩(Reduced quadrupole moment),313

  • Reissner–Nordström 黑洞(Reissner–Nordström black holes),254–261

  • 测地线之间的相对加速度(Relative acceleration between geodesics),145

  • 相对论:见广义相对论、狭义相对论(Relativity. See general relativity, special relativity)

  • Ricci 标量(Ricci scalar),129–130

  • Ricci 张量(Ricci tensor)

    • 共形变换(conformal transformation),468
    • 定义(defined),129
    • 最大对称空间(maximally symmetric space),328
    • 取迹(tracing),129–130
  • Riemann 法坐标(Riemann normal coordinates),112–113

  • Riemann 曲面(Riemann surfaces),55–56,143–144

  • Riemann 张量(Riemann tensor)

    • Cartan 结构方程(Cartan structure equations),488–489
    • 刻画曲率(characterizing curvature),124–126
    • 协变导数的对易子(commutator of covariant derivatives),122–123
    • 共形变换(conformal transformation),468
    • 缩并(contraction),129–131
    • 定义(defined),122
    • 测地线偏离(geodesic deviation),144
    • 独立分量(independent components),127–128
    • 最大对称流形(maximally symmetric manifold),141,324
    • 沿回路的平行移动(parallel transport around a loop),121,148
    • 非坐标基(noncoordinate bases),488–489
    • 与 Killing 向量的导数关系(relating derivatives of Killing vectors),137
    • 无迹部分由 Weyl 张量捕捉(trace-free parts, capturing (Weyl tensor)),130
    • Ricci 张量的迹反转版本,即 Einstein 张量(trace-reversed version of Ricci tensor (Einstein tensor)),130–131
  • Rindler 观察者(Rindler observer),404–405,407–408

  • Rindler 空间(Rindler space),404,407–408,410–411

  • 旋转(Kerr)黑洞的环奇点(Ring singularity, rotating (Kerr) black holes),265

  • RMS(均方根)密度涨落(RMS (root-mean-square) density fluctuation),371

  • Robertson–Walker 度规:另见宇宙学(Robertson–Walker metric. See also Cosmology)

    • 共形图(conformal diagram),478
    • 描述(described),329–333
    • 平直宇宙中(in flat universe),76,78,113–120
    • Gaussian 法坐标(Gaussian normal coordinates),447
  • 旋转黑洞:见 Kerr 黑洞(Rotating black holes. See Kerr black holes)

  • 旋转(Rotations)

    • 测地线丛(geodesic congruence),461,464
    • 旋转不变性(各向同性)(invariance under (isotropy)),324
    • Lorentz 变换(Lorentz transformation),12
  • 圆球面(Round sphere),132–133

  • 圆括号/方括号(Round/square brackets),27

  • 卫星引力波观测站(Satellite gravitational-wave observatories),318,319–320

  • 标量场:见场,标量(Scalar field. See Field, scalar)

  • 标量函数(Scalar function),19–20,28

  • 标量积:见内积(Scalar product. See inner product)

  • 标量-张量理论(Scalar-tensor theories),181–184,300

  • 尺度因子(Scale factor),76–78,113–120,329,338–344

  • Schrödinger 图景(Schrödinger picture),380,383–384

  • Schwarzschild 几何(Schwarzschild geometry)

    • Birkhoff 定理(Birkhoff’s theorem),197–204
    • 圆轨道(circular orbits),211–212
    • 共形图(conformal diagram),229
    • 守恒量(conserved quantities),206–208
    • Eddington–Finkelstein 坐标(Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates),220–221
    • 事件视界(event horizon),222,241–242
    • 测地线(geodesics),205–212
    • 引力红移(gravitational redshift),216–218
    • Killing 视界(Killing horizon),247–248
    • Killing 向量(Killing vectors),197–198,203–204,207
    • Kruskal(最大)延拓(Kruskal (maximal) extension),222–228
    • 质量(mass),193,196,251–252
    • 度规(metric),193–197
    • 近日点进动(precession of perihelia),213–216
    • Schwarzschild 半径(Schwarzschild radius),196,205,222
    • 奇点(singularities),204–205
    • 表面引力(surface gravity),247–248
    • 乌龟坐标(tortoise coordinate),220
    • 白洞(white hole),227
    • 虫洞(wormhole),227–228
  • 子流形的第二基本形式(Second fundamental form of submanifolds),450

  • 地震噪声(Seismic noise),318

  • 自伴算符(Self-adjoint operators),380

  • 分号(Semicolon)

    • “逗号变分号”规则(“Comma-Goes-to-Semicolon” rule),152
    • 协变导数(covariant derivatives),97
  • SEP:见强等效原理(SEP. See Strong Equivalence Principle)

  • 集合(Set),15–16

  • Shapiro 时间延迟(Shapiro time delay),218,292–293

  • 剪切(Shear)

    • 测地线丛(geodesic congruence),460–461,464
    • 引力透镜(gravitational lensing),354
  • 散粒噪声(Shot noise),318

  • 度规号差(Signature metric),73

  • 奇点(Singularities)

    • 大爆炸(Big Bang),76,340
    • 因果性(causality),81–82
    • 宇宙审查(cosmic censorship),243
    • 坐标奇点(coordinate),204
    • Kerr(Kerr),264–265
    • 流形中的奇点(测地线不完备)(in manifold (geodesically incomplete)),111–112
    • 裸奇点(naked),243,256–257
    • Reissner–Nordström(Reissner–Nordström),256–259
    • Schwarzschild(Schwarzschild),204–205
  • 奇点定理(Singularity theorems),242–243,376,461–462

  • 慢滚参数(Slow-roll parameters),369–370

  • S 矩阵(S-matrix),385

  • 光滑映射(Smooth maps),58

  • 类空分离(Spacelike separated),9

  • 时空(Spacetime)

    • 因果性(causality),4–5,9,78–82
    • 坐标记号(coordinates, denoting),8
    • 曲率:见曲率(curvature. See Curvature)
    • 定义(defined),4
    • 对偶向量(一形式)(dual vectors (one-forms)),18–20,68
    • 能量与动量(energy and momentum),30–37
    • 引力作为时空曲率(gravity as curvature of),1–2,50–54,153–154,156–158
    • Lorentz 变换(Lorentz transformations),12–15
    • 所列最大对称性(maximal symmetry, listed),328
    • Newton 时空(Newtonian),3–4
    • 张量(tensors),21–29,68–70
    • 向量(vectors),15–18,63–67
  • 弯曲时空:见曲率、广义相对论、时空(Spacetime, curved. See Curvature, General relativity, Spacetime)

  • 时空间隔(Spacetime interval),7

  • 时空图(Spacetime diagram),9

  • 狭义相对论(SR)(Special relativity (SR))

    • 加速度(acceleration),11
    • 背景(background),1–3
    • 描述(described),3–11
    • 能量与动量(energy and momentum),30–37
    • 惯性标架(inertial frame),6–7
    • Minkowski 时空(Minkowski space),8
  • 光速:见光,光速(Speed of light. See Light, speed of)

  • 球面(Sphere),55,60–62,132–133,139,141

  • 球对称(Spherical symmetry),139,149,194,197–201

  • 自旋(Spin)

    • 黑洞(black holes),248–254
    • 联络(connection),486
    • 引力波解(gravitational wave solutions),299
  • 自旋量(Spinor),44

  • SR:见狭义相对论(SR. See Special relativity)

  • 粒子物理标准模型(Standard Model of particle physics),44,359

  • 状态方程:另见状态方程参数(State, equation of),33;另见状态方程参数(See also equation-of-state parameter)

  • 静态引力的建模(Static gravitating forces, modeling),286–287

  • 静态度规(Static metric),191–192,203–204,244–248

  • 静止极限面(Stationary limit surface),247

  • 稳恒度规(Stationary metric),203–204,238,244–248

  • 恒星内部解(Stellar interior solutions),229–235

  • Stokes 定理(Stokes’s theorem),39–40,453–458

  • 应力-能量张量:见能量-动量张量(Stress-energy tensor. See energy-momentum tensor)

  • 弦标架(String frame),184

  • 弦理论(String theory)

    • AdS/CFT 对应(AdS/CFT correspondence),328,421
    • 与黑洞熵(and black hole entropy),419–420
    • 引力波线索(gravitational wave clues),299–300
    • 全息原理(holographic principle),421
    • 其中的微扰理论(perturbation theory in),143–144
    • 作为量子引力理论(as quantum theory of gravity),171
  • 强能量条件(Strong Energy Condition),175–176,462

  • 强等效原理(SEP)(Strong Equivalence Principle (SEP)),50

  • 子流形(Submanifolds)

    • 定义(defined),439–440
    • 超曲面(hypersurfaces),443–452
  • 求和约定(Summation convention),9

  • 太阳造成的光偏折(Sun, light deflection by),291–292

  • 超新星(Supernovae),319,355–356

  • 生成曲面的一形式(Surface-forming one-forms),441

  • 表面引力(Surface gravity),245–248,271,413

  • 用 Stokes 定理转换表面项(Surface term, converting by Stokes’s theorem),39–40,160,162

  • 对称张量(Symmetric tensors),26

  • 对称性:另见 Killing 向量(Symmetry. See also Killing vectors)

    • 反物质与物质(antimatter and matter),365
    • 守恒量(conserved quantities),133–139
    • 用圆括号/方括号表示(denoting with round/square brackets),27
    • 微分同胚不变性(diffeomorphism invariance),434–436
    • 与广义相对论(GR)(general relativity (GR) and),133–134
    • 等距映射(isometries),134–139,436–437
    • 建模:见共形图(modeling. See conformal diagrams)
    • 使 Riemann 张量分量消失或彼此相关(Riemann tensor components, vanishing or related by),133
    • 旋转黑洞(rotating black holes),261
    • 球对称(spherical),238
    • 张量运算(tensors, manipulating),27
  • 时钟同步(Synchronizing clocks),7

  • 同步规范(Synchronous gauge),284,447

  • 切丛(Tangent bundle),16

  • 切向量(Tangent vector),15–16,63,64–65

  • 弯曲时空中的 Taylor 展开(Taylor expansion in curved spacetime),107

  • 温度(Temperature)

    • 加速宇宙的温度(Gibbons–Hawking)(of accelerating universe (Gibbons–Hawking)),371
    • 黑洞温度(Hawking)(of a black hole (Hawking)),376,414
    • CMB(CMB),357,361
    • 膨胀宇宙(of expanding universe),361–362
    • 量子色动力学(QCD)(quantum chromodynamics (QCD)),363
    • 加速观察者所见(Unruh 效应)(seen by accelerating observer (Unruh effect)),411
  • 张量积(Tensor product),21

  • 张量(Tensors)

    • 定义(defined),21
    • 密度(densities)
      • Kronecker delta 的反对称乘积(antisymmetrical product of Kronecker deltas),83–84
      • Levi–Civita 符号(Levi–Civita symbol),82–83
      • 权重(Jacobian 的幂次)(weight (Jacobian, power raised to)),83
    • 微分形式(differential forms)
      • 闭形式(closed),85
      • 定义(defined),84
      • 上同调空间的维数(dimensionality of cohomology spaces),85–86
      • 恰当形式(exact),85
      • 外微分(exterior derivative),84–85
      • Hodge 对偶(Hodge duality),86,87
      • Levi–Civita(Levi–Civita),86
      • 楔积(wedge product),84
    • 对偶向量(dual vectors),18–19,68–69
    • 电磁场强(electromagnetic field strength),24–25
    • 逆度规(inverse metric),23–24,71
    • Levi–Civita 符号(Levi–Civita symbol),24
    • Levi–Civita 张量(Levi–Civita tensor),83–84
    • 沿向量场的 Lie 导数(Lie derivative along vector field),431–433
    • Lorentz 变换(Lorentz transformation),22,486
    • 流形(manifolds),68–70
    • 运算(manipulating)
      • 反对称(antisymmetric),26
      • 缩并(contraction),25
      • 升降指标(indices, raise and lower),25–26
      • 偏导数(partial derivatives),28
      • 对称(symmetric),26,27
      • 取迹(trace),28
    • 度规(metric)
      • 标准形(canonical form),73
      • 坐标(coordinates),71–72,74–76
      • 定义(defining),8,71
      • 不定型(Lorentz 型或伪 Riemann 型)(indefinite (Lorentzian or pseudo-Riemannian)),73
      • 正定型(欧几里得型或 Riemann 型)(positive (Euclidean or Riemannian)),73
      • 号差(signature),73
      • 作用于两个向量(内积)(on two vectors (inner product)),23
    • 平行移动(parallel-transporting),102–105,479–481
    • 变换定律(transformation law),22,69,429–430,486
  • 地面引力波观测站(Terrestrial gravitational-wave observatory),316–319

  • 测试粒子(Test particles)

    • 测地线(geodesics),108
    • 引力波解(gravitational wave solutions),296–298
  • 四脚架(Tetrad),483,487

  • 黑洞热力学(Thermodynamics, black hole),267–272,416–417

  • 时间(Time)

    • 共形时间(conformal),477
    • 引力延迟(gravitational delay),292
    • Hubble 时间(Hubble),336–337
    • 固有时(proper),9,11
  • 类时路径(Timelike paths),109

  • 类时分离(Timelike separated),9

  • 时间平移不变性(Time-translation invariance),120

  • Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff 方程(Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation),233

  • 挠率张量(Torsion tensor)

    • 涉及它的联络(connection involving),128–129
    • 定义(defined),98
    • 一形式(one-form),488–489
  • 环面(Torus),55,131–132

  • 渐近平直时空的总能量(Total energy of asymptotically flat spacetime),249–253

  • 迹(Trace)

    • 无迹部分由 Weyl 张量捕捉(parts free of, capturing (Weyl tensor)),130
    • Ricci 张量的迹反转版本(reversed version of Ricci tensor),130–131
    • 张量运算(tensors, manipulating),28
  • 变换:另见 Lorentz 变换(Transformation. See also Lorentz transformation)

    • Bogoliubov 变换(Bogolubov),398–399,408
    • 共形变换(conformal),467–469
    • 坐标变换(coordinate),66–67,69,429–430,486
    • Fourier 变换(Fourier),283–284
    • 规范变换(gauge),42,274–278,300–301,493
    • 一般坐标变换(general coordinate),486
    • 回路的完整群(holonomy of loop),481
    • Poincaré 变换(Poincaré),12–14
    • 连续变换的集合(set of continuous),56
  • 平移(Translations),12,134–135,324

  • 移动:见平行移动(Transport. See parallel transport)

  • 横向规范(Transverse gauge),283,287

  • 横向无迹规范(Transverse traceless gauge),293–294

  • 陷获面(Trapped surface),242

  • 双生子悖论(Twin paradox),10

  • 二维球面:见球面(Two-sphere. See Sphere.)

  • 宇宙:见宇宙学(Universe. See Cosmology)

  • Unruh 效应(Unruh effect),402–412

  • Unruh 真空(Unruh vacuum),414

  • 真空:另见真空能(Vacuum. See also vacuum energy)

    • Boulware 真空(Boulware vacuum),414
    • Hadamard 条件(Hadamard condition),401
    • Hartle–Hawking 真空(Hartle–Hawking vacuum),414
    • 暴胀(inflation),371–374
    • 最大对称时空(maximally symmetric spacetimes),323–329
    • 量子真空(quantum),382,390–391,396–401
    • Unruh 效应(Unruh effect),407–412
    • Unruh 真空(Unruh vacuum),414
  • 真空能(Vacuum energy)

    • 巧合问题(coincidence problem),359
    • 宇宙学常数(cosmological constant),171–174,359
    • 宇宙学效应(cosmological effects),335,338–344,355–356
    • 能量-动量张量(energy-momentum tensor),35,171–172
    • 演化(evolution),119–120,338,341
    • 期望值(expected value),172–174,190,393–394
    • 暴胀(inflation),368
    • 测量值(measured),174,343,355–356,358–361
    • 量子场论(quantum field theory),173,393–394,400–401
  • 向量(Vector)

    • 可以相加并乘以实数的集合(collection that can be added and multiplied by real numbers),16
    • 对易子(commutator),67
    • 分量(components),17
    • 坐标基(coordinate basis),65–66
    • 微分同胚(diffeomorphisms),430
    • 维数(dimension),17
    • 作为方向导数(as directional derivatives),63–64
    • 散度与边界上数值的关系(Stokes 定理)(divergence to value on boundary (Stokes’s Theorem)),455
    • 对偶向量(一形式)(dual (one-forms)),18–20
    • 四维向量(four-vectors)(four-dimensional (four-vectors)),15
    • 沿场的 Lie 导数(Lie derivative along field),431–433
    • Lorentz 变换(Lorentz transformation),17–18,66
    • 非坐标基(noncoordinate basis),483–486
    • 势(potential),42,87
    • 推前(pushforward),424–425
    • 切空间(tangent space),63–65
    • 坐标改变时的变换定律(transformation law under changes in coordinates),66–67
  • 速度(Velocity)

    • 旋转(Kerr)黑洞的角速度(angular, rotating (Kerr) black holes),266
    • Lorentz 变换中的恒速度向量(constant velocity vector, Lorentz transformation),12
    • 宇宙学(cosmology),345–346
    • 光速(of light),7–8
  • Vielbein(Vielbein),483,484–485,487

  • 流形体积积分(Volume, integrating manifolds),89–90

  • 波动方程(Wave equation),396

  • 弱能量条件(Weak Energy Condition),174–176

  • 弱等效原理(WEP)(Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP)),48–50

  • 弱场极限(Weak field limit),153–154,157–158,274–286

  • WEC:见弱能量条件(WEC. See Weak Energy Condition)

  • 楔积(Wedge product),84

  • 张量密度的权重(Weight, tensor densities),83

  • WEP:见弱等效原理(WEP. See Weak Equivalence Principle)

  • Weyl 张量(Weyl tensor),130,169–170

  • 白矮星(White dwarf),235

  • 白洞(White hole),227

  • Whitney 嵌入定理(Whitney’s embedding theorem),60

  • 世界线(Worldline),4

  • 用 X 射线探测黑洞(X-rays, detecting black holes by),235–236

  • 零点能(Zero-point energy),173,382;另见真空能(See also vacuum energy)


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