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中英术语索引
本索引按原书英文词条顺序排列。每项先给出中文译名,再在括号内保留英文原词;“见(See)”与“另见(See also)”关系及全部原印刷页码均照录。
加速度(Acceleration)
- 早期宇宙中的暴胀(inflation in early universe),368
- Newton 理论(Newton’s theory),1,151
- 测地线之间的相对加速度(relative between geodesics),145
- 狭义相对论中(in SR (special relativity)),11
- 从无穷远处观察(viewed from infinity),246–247
非时序集(Achronal set),79
作用量(Action)
- 经典场论(classical field theory),37
- Hilbert 作用量(Hilbert),161
ADM 能量(Arnowitt、Deser 与 Misner)(ADM energy (Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner)),252–253
AdS/CFT 对应(AdS/CFT correspondence),328,421
仿射参数(Affine parameter),109
角(Angle)
- 偏折角(deflection),352
- Einstein 角(Einstein),351
角直径距离(Angular diameter distance),348–349
引力透镜中的角分离(Angular separation, gravitational lensing),351
旋转黑洞的角速度(Angular velocity, rotating black holes),266
湮灭/产生算符(Annihilation/creation operators),383,397
形式集合的零化子(Annihilator, set of forms),441
人择原理(Anthropic principle),359
反 de Sitter 空间(Anti-de Sitter space),326–328,335
反物质(Antimatter),365
事件视界面积定理(Area theorem, event horizons),243–244
反对称张量(Antisymmetric tensors),26
反对称性(Antisymmetry)
- 流形上的积分(manifolds, integration),88–89
- Kronecker delta 的乘积(product of Kronecker deltas),83–84
- Riemann 张量的反对称性(of Riemann tensor),126–127
- 方括号(square brackets),27
渐近平直性(Asymptotic flatness),197,249–253
轴子(Axions),359
重子物质(Baryonic matter),358,364–365
基模(Basis modes),397
基向量(Basis vectors),16–17,74,483
BBN:见大爆炸核合成(BBN. See Big Bang Nucleosynthesis)
Bekenstein 广义第二定律(Bekenstein generalized second law),272
Jocelyn Bell(Bell, Jocelyn),235
Bianchi 恒等式(Bianchi identity),128–129
大爆炸(Big Bang)
- 描述(described),76,340
- 与较重元素(heavier elements and),364
- 遗留辐射(leftover radiation),356
- 奇点(singularity),76,340
大爆炸核合成(BBN)(Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN)),363
双脉冲星(Binary pulsar),218
Birkhoff 定理(Birkhoff’s theorem),197–204
黑洞(Black holes)
- 带电黑洞(Reissner–Nordström)(charged (Reissner–Nordström)),254–261
- 形成(creation of),230,234
- 描述(described),238–239
- 熵(entropy),271,417
- 事件视界(event horizons),205,222,239–244
- Hawking 温度(Hawking temperature),376,414,416
- Killing 视界(Killing horizons),244–248
- 质量由电荷平衡(mass balanced by charge),259
- 质量、电荷与自旋(mass, charge, and spin),248–254
- 参数与热力学量的正比关系(parameters, proportionality to thermodynamics),416–417
- 辐射(radiation from),412–421
- 旋转黑洞(Kerr)(rotating (Kerr)),244,261–267
- Schwarzschild 解(Schwarzschild solution),193,218–222,229–236
- 超大质量黑洞的演化(supermassive, evolution of),320
- 热力学与 Penrose 过程(thermodynamics and Penrose process),267–272
Bogoliubov 变换(Bogolubov transformations),398–399,408
推动(Boosts),12
Boulware 真空(Boulware vacuum),414–415
边界(Boundary)
- 黑洞(black hole),239
- 带边界流形(manifold with),451–452
- 与区域的关系(of region and),421
- Stokes 定理(Stokes’s Theorem),455
Boyer–Lindquist 坐标(Boyer–Lindquist coordinates),262
源亮度(Brightness, source),354
Buchdahl 定理(Buchdahl’s theorem),234
正则对易关系(Canonical commutation relations),381,389,395
Cartan 结构方程(Cartan structure equations),488–489
Carter–Penrose 图:见共形图(Carter–Penrose diagrams. See conformal diagrams)
Cauchy 视界(Cauchy horizon),79–81
Cauchy 曲面(Cauchy surface)
- 因果性(causality),80
- 黑洞熵(entropy, black hole),418
因果性(Causality)
- 非时序性(achronal),79
- Cauchy 视界(Cauchy horizon),80–81
- 时序未来(chronological future),79
- 因果曲线的定义(curve, defining),79
- 未来(future),79–80
- 初值问题(initial-value problems),78
- 光锥(light cones),4–5,9
因果性(续)(Causality (continued))
- Misner 空间(Misner space),81
- 部分 Cauchy 曲面(partial Cauchy surface),80
- 奇点(singularities),81–82
CDM(冷暗物质)(CDM (cold dark matter)),359
链式法则(Chain rule),62,64–65,152
Chandrasekhar 极限(Chandrasekhar limit),235,355
电荷密度(Charge density),305
带电黑洞:见 Reissner–Nordström 黑洞(Charged black holes. See Reissner–Nordström black holes)
Christoffel 联络(Christoffel connection),99–100,101,108,489
Christoffel 符号(Christoffel symbol)
- 共形变换(conformal transformation),468–469
- 定义(defined),93,99
- 膨胀宇宙度规中的计算(expanding-universe metric, calculating),113–115
- 消失及其与 Riemann 张量的关系(vanishing, Riemann tensor and),126
时序未来(Chronological future),79
圆轨道(Circular orbits),305
经典场论(Classical field theory)
- 作用量(action),37–38,159
- 弯曲时空(curved spacetime),159–160
- d’Alembert 算符(d’Alembertian),41,160,360
- 有效场论(effective field theory),45,180,189
- 能量-动量张量(energy-momentum tensor),44,164–165
- Euler–Lagrange 方程(Euler–Lagrange equations),37,39,40,160
- 规范不变性与规范变换(gauge invariance and transformation),42
- Klein–Gordon 方程(Klein–Gordon equation),42
- Lagrangian 密度(Lagrange density),38,44–45,159–160
- 自然单位(natural units),38
- 标量场(scalar field),40,160,164,360,369
- 用 Stokes 定理转换表面项(surface term, converting by Stokes’s theorem),39–40
- 向量势(vector potential),42–43
时钟同步(Clocks, synchronizing),7
闭宇宙(Closed universe),330,337,343
闭形式(Closed forms),85,441–442
闭合类时曲线(Closed timelike curves),80–81,266
CMB:见宇宙微波背景(CMB. See Cosmic Microwave Background)
Codazzi 方程(Codacci’s equation),451
余维数(Codimension),439
巧合问题(Coincidence problem),359
“逗号变分号”规则(“Comma-Goes-to-Semicolon” rule),152
向量的对易子(Commutator, vector),67
共动坐标(Comoving coordinates),329
共形紧化(Compactification, conformal),475–476
分量(Components)
- 对偶向量(dual vector),19,68–69
- 非坐标基(noncoordinate basis),483–486
- 向量(vector),17,65–66
- 张量(tensor),21–22,69
光锥:见光锥(Cones, light. See light cones)
共形耦合(Conformal coupling),395
共形图(Conformal diagrams)
- 反 de Sitter(anti de Sitter),327
- 渐近平直(asymptotically flat),240
- 坍缩恒星(collapsing star),230
- de Sitter(de Sitter),325
- 定义(defined),471–478
- 蒸发黑洞(evaporating black hole),419
- Kerr(Kerr),265
- Minkowski(Minkowski),475
- Reissner–Nordström(Reissner–Nordström),257–259
- Robertson–Walker(Robertson–Walker),478
- Schwarzschild(Schwarzschild),229
共形标架(Conformal frame),468
共形无穷远(Conformal infinity),475–476
共形张量:见 Weyl 张量(Conformal tensor. See Weyl tensor)
共形变换(Conformal transformations),467–469
测地线丛(Congruence),459–465
共轭动量(Conjugate momentum),395
联络(Connection)
- 协变导数(covariant derivatives),95–96,99–100
- 曲率的体现(curvature, manifesting),93
- 自旋联络(spin),486
- 涉及挠率张量(torsion tensor involving),128–129
守恒(Conservation)
- 能量-动量守恒定律(energy-momentum, law of),35,118,153
- 相空间密度的 Liouville 定理(phase-space density, Liouville’s theorem of),353
守恒能量(Conserved energy),137–138,344
映射的连续性(Continuity of a map),58
张量缩并(Contraction, tensor)
- 构成 Ricci 张量(forming Ricci),129
- 运算(manipulating),25
逆变向量(Contravariant vectors),19
会聚透镜势(Convergence lensing potential),352–253
坐标基(Coordinate basis),65–66
坐标(Coordinates)
- Boyer–Lindquist(Boyer–Lindquist),262
- 坐标改变时的变换定律(changes in, transformation law),66–67,69,429–430,486
- 共动坐标(comoving),329
- Gaussian 法坐标(Gaussian normal),445
- Kruskal 坐标(Kruskal),225–226
- 局部惯性坐标(locally inertial),74–76,112
- Riemann 法坐标(Riemann normal),112–113
- 把 Boyer–Lindquist 化为 Schwarzschild 坐标(Schwarzschild, reducing Boyer–Lindquist to),262
- 时空坐标的记号(spacetime, denoting),8
- 坐标变换(transformation),66,68–69,429–430
Copernicus 原理(Copernican principle),323
核坍缩(Core collapse),319
宇宙审查猜想(Cosmic censorship conjecture),243
宇宙微波背景(CMB)(Cosmic microwave background (CMB))
- 各向异性(anisotropy),329,337,357–358,365,371–374
- 能量密度(energy density),356
- 与宇宙几何(and geometry of the universe),337,358
- 引力波(gravitational waves),320,373–374
- 视界问题(horizon problem),368
- 各向同性(isotropy),323
- 偏振(polarization),320,373–374
- 复合(recombination),364,368
- 温度(temperature),361,371
宇宙学红移(Cosmological redshift),116–117,344–345
宇宙学常数:见真空能(Cosmological constant. See vacuum energy)
宇宙学(Cosmology)
- Friedmann 方程(Friedmann equation),333–337
- 引力透镜(gravitational lensing),349–355
- 暴胀(inflation),365–374
宇宙学(续)(Cosmology (continued))
- 最大对称宇宙(maximally symmetric universes),323–329
- 非平凡 Lorentz 几何的例子(nontrivial Lorentzian geometry example),76
- 平行移动(parallel transport),104
- 红移与距离(redshifts and distances),344–349
- Robertson–Walker 度规(Robinson–Walker metrics),329–333
- 尺度因子的演化(scale factor, evolution of),338–344
- 当前与遥远过去的宇宙(universe, currently and in distant past),355–365
余切丛(Cotangent bundle),19
余切空间(Cotangent space),18–19
Coulomb 规范(Coulomb gauge),283
协变导数(Covariant derivatives)
- 联络系数(connection coefficients),95–96
- 唯一确定联络(connection, defining unique),98–99,486–487
- 弯曲空间(curved space),101
- 定义(defining),94–95,98,486
- 一般表达式(general expression),97
- 度规相容联络(metric-compatible connection),99–100
- 一形式的协变导数(of one-forms),96–97
- 平行移动(parallel transport),105
- 把偏导数转换为协变导数(partial derivatives, converting to),101–102
- 分号记号(semicolon notation),97
- 自旋联络(spin connection),486
协变向量(Covariant vectors),19
产生/湮灭算符(Creation/annihilation operators),383,389–390,397
临界密度(Critical density),337
电流四维向量(Current 4-vector),29–30
曲率(Curvature)
- Christoffel 联络消失(Christoffel connection, vanishing),101
- Christoffel 符号(Christoffel symbol),93
- 协变导数(covariant derivatives),94–102
- 描述(described),93–94
- Einstein 等效原理(EEP)(Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP)),50,151
- 膨胀宇宙(expanding universe),113–120
- 外曲率(extrinsic),449–450
- 与平直空间的对比(flat space versus),103
- 引力作为曲率(gravity as),1–2,50–54,153–154,156–158
- 超曲面(hypersurface),451
- 积分曲线(integral curves),430
- 物理定律的推广(laws of physics, generalizing),152–153
- 最大对称空间(maximally symmetric spaces),139–144
- 欧几里得空间中的直线概念:见测地线(notion of a straight line in Euclidean space. See geodesics)
- 开、平直与闭(open, flat, and closed),330
- 平行公设(parallel postulate),144
- 平行移动与测地线(parallel transport and geodesics),102–108
- Riemann 张量(Riemann tensor),121–133
- 对称性与 Killing 向量(symmetries and killing vectors),133–139
- 二形式(two-form),488–489
曲率标量(Curvature scalar),129–130
曲率张量:见 Riemann 张量(Curvature tensor. See Riemann tensor)
弯曲时空(Curved spacetime)
- Einstein 等效原理(EEP)(Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP)),53–54
- 引力(gravitation),151–155
- 其中的 Taylor 展开(Taylor expansion in),107
d’Alembert 算符(d’Alembertian operator)
- 共形变换(conformal transformation),469
- 定义(defined),41
- Green 函数(Green function),301–302
黑暗时代(Dark ages),365
暗能量(Dark energy),360
DEC:见主导能量条件(DEC. See Dominant Energy Condition)
减速参数(Deceleration parameter),337
偏折角(Deflection angle),290–292,352
自由度(Degrees of freedom)
- 与区域边界(boundary of region and),421
- 相对论性自由度的有效数目(effective number of relativistic),361
- 平直时空(flat spacetime),387
- 引力自由度(gravitational),279–286
Delta 函数(Delta function),47,191,302
密度:另见能量密度(Density. See also energy density)
- 均方根(RMS)涨落(root-mean-square (RMS) fluctuation),371
- 张量密度(tensor),82–84
- 宇宙中的变化(universes, variations in),323
密度参数(Density parameter),337
未来依赖域(Dependence, future domain of),79
de Sitter 空间(De Sitter space)
- 描述(described),324–326
- 正曲率最大对称时空(positively curved maximally symmetric spacetime),144
- 真空主导宇宙(vacuum-dominated universe),335
测地线偏离(Deviation, geodesic),144
微分同胚(Diffeomorphisms),59,276–278,429–431
可微流形:见流形(Differentiable manifolds. See manifolds)
微分形式(Differential forms)
- 闭形式(closed),85
- 曲率(curvature),488–489
- 定义(defined),84
- 上同调空间的维数(dimensionality of cohomology),85–86
- 恰当形式(exact),85
- 外微分(exterior derivative),84–85
- Hodge 对偶(Hodge duality),86,87
- Levi–Civita(Levi–Civita),86
- 自旋联络(spin connection),488
- 挠率(torsion),488
- 真空 Maxwell 方程(vacuum Maxwell’s equations),87
- 向量势(vector potential),87
- 楔积(wedge product),84
微分(Differentiation)
- 协变微分(covariant),94–99,486
- 协变外微分(covariant exterior),489
- 外微分(exterior),84
- Lie 微分(Lie),429
- 偏微分(partial),20,29
膨胀子(Dilaton),189,300
维数(Dimension),17,54–55,59–60
Dirac 量子化条件(Dirac’s quantization condition),87
方向协变导数(Directional covariant derivative),105
方向导数(Directional derivatives),63–64
主导能量条件(Dominant Energy Condition),175–177
Doppler 效应(Doppler effect),52–53,329
点积:见内积(Dot product. See inner product)
对偶向量(Dual vectors)
- 作用(action),19–20
- 余切空间(cotangent space),18–19
- 协变/逆变向量(covariant/contravariant vectors),19
- 协变导数(covariant derivatives),96–97
对偶向量(续)(Dual vectors (continued))
- 标量函数的梯度(gradient of a scalar function),20
- 正交归一(orthonormal),484
- 拉回算符(pullback operator),425–426
- 生成曲面的(surface-forming),441
- 变换定律(transformation law),20,68–69
哑指标(Dummy indices),9
尘埃(Dust)
- 表现为尘埃的物质(matter behaving like),119,334
- 粒子数通量四维向量(number-flux four-vector),33–34
- 静态引力的建模(static gravitating forces, modeling),286–287
Dyson 公式(Dyson’s Formula),481
Sir Arthur Eddington(Eddington, Sir Arthur),292
EEP:见 Einstein 等效原理(EEP. See Einstein Equivalence Principle)
有效场论(Effective field theory),45,180,189
相对论性自由度的有效数目(Effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom),361
能量本征态(Eigenstates, energy),381–382
Einstein(Einstein)
- 广义相对论方程:见 Einstein 方程(equation of general relativity. See Einstein’s equation)
- 空间、时间与引力理论:见广义相对论(GR)(theory of space, time, and gravitation. See general relativity (GR))
- 对太阳偏折光线的看法(view of deflection of light by sun),291–292
- 对弱等效原理(WEP)的推广(Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP), generalizing),48–50
Einstein 角(Einstein angle),351,352
Einstein–de Sitter 模型(Einstein–de Sitter model),340
Einstein 等效原理(EEP)(Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP))
- 与时空曲率(curvature of spacetime and),50
- 引力红移(gravitational redshift),52–53
- 引力作为时空曲率的表现(gravity as manifestation of curvature of spacetime),48–54,151–153
Einstein 标架(Einstein frame),184–189
Einstein–Hilbert 作用量(Einstein–Hilbert action),161,299
Einstein 半径(Einstein radius),351
Einstein 环(Einstein ring),351
Einstein 方程(Einstein’s equation)
- 推导(derived),155–165,299
- 性质(properties),164–171
- 微扰形式(perturbed),275–276,281–285,307–308
- 横向规范(transverse gauge),287
Einstein 空间(Einstein space),328
Einstein 静态宇宙(Einstein static universe),325–327,344,474–475
Einstein 张量(Einstein tensor)
- 自由度(degrees of freedom),282–283
- Riemann 张量(Riemann tensor),130–131
电磁辐射(Electromagnetic radiation),315
电磁学(Electromagnetism)
- 黑洞(black holes),238–239
- 经典场论(classical field theory),42
- Coulomb 规范(Coulomb gauge),283
- 弯曲时空(curved spacetime),178
- 能量-动量张量(energy-momentum tensor),44,254
- 场强(field strength),24–25
- 规范不变性(gauge invariance),278
- Maxwell 方程(Maxwell’s equation),29–30
- 量子电动力学(QED)(quantum electrodynamics (QED)),87
- Stokes 定理(Stokes’s theorem),456
- 张量与微分形式(tensors, differential forms),86–87
- 向量势(vector potential),87
电子复合(Electron recombination),364
嵌入子流形(Embedded submanifold),439
Whitney 嵌入定理(Embedding theorem, Whitney’s),60
能量:另见能量-动量张量(Energy. See also energy-momentum tensor)
- ADM 能量(ADM energy),252–253
- 膨胀宇宙(expanding universe),120
- 从旋转黑洞提取(extracting from rotating black hole),267–272
- Komar 积分(Komar integral),249–251
- 引力辐射中的损失率(loss rate in gravitational radiation),307–315
- 质量作为能量的表现(mass as manifestation of),49
- 动量四维向量(momentum four-vector),31–32
- 正能量定理(Schoen 与 Yau)(positive energy theorem (Shoen and Yau)),253
- 静态时空(static spacetime),137
- 真空:见真空能(vacuum. See vacuum energy)
能量条件(Energy conditions),174–177
能量密度(Energy density)
- 定义(defined),33–37
- Friedmann 方程(Friedmann equation),338,340
- 引力波(gravitational waves),304
- 物质中(in matter),119,334–335
- 负能量密度(negative),339–340
- 辐射(radiation),119,335
- 真空(vacuum),35,119,171–174,335,341–344,358
能量本征态(Energy eigenstates),381–382
能量-动量张量(Energy-momentum tensor)
- 经典场论(classical field theory),44
- 守恒方程(conservation equation),35,118,153,435–436
- 定义(defined),33,164–165
- 尘埃(dust),34
- 电磁学(electromagnetism),44,254
- 能量密度(energy density),33–37
- 流体(fluid),33
- 推广到弯曲时空(generalizing to curved spacetime),153,164–165
- 引力(gravitation),307–310
- Minkowski 时空(Minkowski spacetime),30–31
- 粒子数通量四维向量(number-flux four-vector),33–34
- 完美流体(perfect fluid),34–37
- 压强(pressure),33
- 标量场(scalar field),44
- 对称性(symmetry),33
- 真空(vacuum),35,171–172
- 正能量定理(Schoen 与 Yau)(positive energy theorem (Shoen and Yau)),253
- 静态时空(static spacetime),137
- 真空:见真空能(vacuum. See vacuum energy)
熵(Entropy),272,417–418
状态方程参数(Equation-of-state parameter),175–176,334–335,338–340
平衡分布函数(Equilibrium distribution function),361
等效原理(Equivalence principle)
- 与弯曲时空(and curved spacetime),48–54,151–153
- Einstein 等效原理(EEP)(Einstein (EEP)),50
- 引力红移(gravitational redshift),52–53
- 解释(interpretation),177–181
- 强等效原理(SEP)(strong (SEP)),50
- 弱等效原理(WEP)(weak (WEP)),48–50
能层(Ergosphere),264,268
能层面:见静止极限面(Ergosurface. See stationary limit surface)
欧几里得几何(Euclidean geometry)
- 等距映射(isometries),139–140
- 最大对称空间(maximally symmetric space),141–143
- 度规(metric),13
- 度规张量(metric tensor),73
- 正交变换(orthogonal transformations),485
- 平行公设(parallel postulate),144
Euler 方程(Euler equation),37
Euler–Lagrange 方程(Euler–Lagrange equation)
- 经典场论(classical field theory),37,39,40
- 弯曲时空(curved spacetime),159–160
- 测地线(geodesics),107
- 向量势(vector potential),42–43
黑洞蒸发(Evaporation, black hole),239,412–422
事件(Event),4
事件视界(Event horizons)
- 面积定理(Hawking)(area theorem (Hawking)),243–244
- 已蒸发黑洞(black holes, evaporated),418
- 定义(defined),222,239–240
- 寻找(finding),241–242
- 未来(future),241
- 作为类光超曲面(as null hypersurface),240–241
- 奇点(singularities),242–243
膨胀(Expansion)
- 减速参数(deceleration parameter),337
- 测地线丛(geodesic congruence),460,464
- Hubble 参数(Hubble parameter),336
- 宇宙的例子(universe, example),76–78,113–120,476–478,490–492
指数映射(Exponential map),111
微分形式的外微分(Exterior derivative of differential form),84–85
额外维(Extra dimension),60,181,186–189,374–375
外曲率(Extrinsic curvature),449–450
Fermat 最短时间原理(Fermat’s principle of least time),293
费米子(Fermions),44,235,361
Feynman 图(Feynman diagrams),166–167,416
纤维丛(Fiber bundle),16,493–494
场(Field)
- 经典场:见经典场论(classical, see classical field theory)
- 对偶向量场(dual vector),19
- 电磁场:见电磁学(electromagnetic, see electromagnetism)
- 量子场:见量子场论(quantum, see quantum field theory)
- 标量场(scalar),19,40–42,160,164,360,369,386–411
- 张量场(tensor),23
- 向量场(vector),16
超曲面的第一基本形式(First fundamental form, hypersurface),449
平直宇宙(Flat universe),76–78,113–120,330,337,343
平直空间:见欧几里得几何、Minkowski 时空(Flat space. See Euclidean geometry, Minkowski space)
流体(Fluids)
- 宇宙学流体(cosmological),334
- 能量与动量(energy and momentum),33,34–37
- 膨胀宇宙度规(expanding universe metric),118–119
- 完美流体(perfect),34
Fock 基(Fock basis),390–393,396–397
Fourier 变换(Fourier transform),283–284,303–304
四维向量:见向量(Four-vector. See vector)
标架(Frame)
- 共形标架(conformal),468
- 惯性标架(inertial),6–7
- 局部惯性标架(locally inertial),50–51
自由度:见自由度(Freedom, degrees of. See degrees of freedom)
自由粒子(Free particle)
- 沿测地线运动(geodesics, moving along),152–153
- 对时空曲率的响应(response to spacetime curvature),2
- 测试粒子(test particles),108
Hubble 摩擦(Friction, Hubble),360–361
Friedmann 方程(Friedmann equation)
- 宇宙学(cosmology),333–337
- 能量密度(energy density),338,340
- 平直性问题(flatness problem),366
- 寻找静态解(static solutions, finding),343
Friedmann–Robertson–Walker 宇宙:见 FRW 宇宙(Friedmann–Robertson–Walker universes. See FRW universes)
Frobenius 定理(Frobenius’s theorem),198,440–442,445
FRW(Friedman–Robertson–Walker)宇宙(FRW (Friedman–Robertson–Walker) universes),336
未来(Future),79–80
规范场(Gauge fields),44
规范不变性(Gauge invariance),42,276–277,493
规范变换(Gauge transformation)
- 场强张量的性质(field strength tensor property),42,300–301,493
- 微扰理论(perturbation theory),274–278
Gauss–Bonnet 定理(Gauss–Bonnet theorem),143
Gaussian 法坐标(Gaussian normal coordinates)
- 超曲面(hypersurfaces),445–447
- 作为同步规范(synchronous gauge as),284
Gauss 方程(Gauss’s equation),451,456
一般坐标变换(General coordinate transformations),486
广义相对论(GR):另见因果性、Einstein 方程(General relativity (GR). See also causality, Einstein’s equation)
- 作为经典场论(as classical field theory),37,159–165
- 理论所基于的联络(connection on which based),99–100
- 描述(described),1–3
- 引力(gravitation),151–192
- Mercury 近日点进动(Mercury’s perihelion, precession of),291–292
- 自旋(spin),253–254
- 与对称性(symmetry and),133–134
- 渐近平直时空的总能量(total energy of asymptotically flat spacetime),249–253
生成元(Generator)
- 微分同胚(diffeomorphism),431
- 超曲面(hypersurface),443–444
一般条件(Generic condition),242–243
测地线偏离(Geodesic deviation),144–146
测地线(Geodesics)
- Christoffel 联络(Christoffel connection),108
- 测地线丛(congruences),459–465
- 定义(defined),2,105–106
- 方程(equation),106–113
- Euler–Lagrange 方程(Euler–Lagrange equations),107
- 指数映射(exponential map),111
- Gaussian 法坐标(Gaussian normal coordinates),445–447
- 局部惯性坐标(locally inertial coordinates),112
测地线(续)(Geodesics (continued))
- 固有时的极大值(as maxima of proper time),110–111
- Kerr 度规中的运动(movement along in Kerr metric),267
- 类光路径(null paths),109–110
- 参数化(parameterization),109
- 微扰形式(perturbed),288–293
- 测地线之间的相对加速度(relative acceleration between),145
- Riemann 法坐标(Riemann normal coordinates),112–113
- Schwarzschild 解(Schwarzschild solution),205–212
- 最短距离定义(shortest-distance definition),106–107
- 流形中的奇点(singularities in manifold),111–112
- 测试粒子(test particle),108,152
- 类时路径方程的写法(timelike paths, writing equation),109
- 不变的特征(unchanging character),110
几何时间延迟(Geometric time delay),292–293
几何:另见曲率(Geometry. See also curvature)
- 定义为对 Pythagoras 定理的偏离(defined as deviating from Pythagorean theorem),2,71–76
- 引力作为几何(gravity as),48–54
Gibbons–Hawking 温度(Gibbons–Hawking temperature),371
GR:见广义相对论(GR. See general relativity)
梯度(Gradient)
- 微分形式的外微分(exterior derivative of differential form),84–85
- 标量函数的梯度(of a scalar function),20
引力:另见广义相对论(Gravitation. See also general relativity)
- 替代理论(alternative theories),181–190
- 弯曲时空(curved spacetime),53–54,151–155
- Einstein 方程(Einstein’s equation),155–159,164–171
- 能量条件(energy conditions),174–177
- 能量-动量(energy-momentum),307–310
- 等效原理(equivalence principle),177–181
- Lagrangian 表述(Lagrangian formulation),159–165
- 局部惯性标架(locally inertial frames),50
- Newton 引力定律(Newton’s law of gravity),48–49
- 标量-张量理论(scalar-tensor theories),181–184
- 与匀加速的区分(uniform acceleration, distinguishing),49
引力坍缩(Gravitational collapse),230,234–236,415
Newton 引力常数(Gravitational constant, Newton’s),151
引力透镜(Gravitational lensing),349–355
引力辐射:另见引力波(Gravitational radiation. See also gravitational waves)
- 能量损失率(energy loss rate),307–315
- 微扰理论(perturbation theory),274–322
引力红移(Gravitational redshift),52–53,216–218
引力时间延迟(Gravitational time delay),292
引力波(Gravitational waves)
- Fourier 变换(Fourier transform),303–304
- 规范变换(gauge transformation),300–301
- Lorenz 规范(Lorenz gauge),301
- 度规微扰(metric perturbation),306–307
- 观测站(observatory),316–319
- 四极矩张量与公式(quadrupole moment tensor and formula),304–306
- 解(solutions)
- 描述(described),293
- 频率(frequency),295
- 平面波解(plane wave solution),294,295
- 偏振态(polarization states),298–299
- 光速传播(speed of light propagation),295
- 弦理论线索(string theory, clues to),299–300
- 测试粒子(test particles),296–298
- 横向无迹规范(transverse traceless gauge),293–294
重力:见引力(Gravity. See gravitation)
Green 函数(Green function),301–302
Hadamard 态(Hadamard state),401
半平面几何(Half-plane geometry),141–142
谐和规范(Harmonic gauge),284–285,301,321
谐振子(Harmonic oscillator)
- 经典(classical),41–42,379
- 量子(quantum),381–385
Hartle–Hawking 真空(Hartle–Hawking vacuum),414
Hawking(Hawking)
- 面积定理(area theorem),243–244
- 效应与黑洞蒸发(effect and black hole evaporation),412–422
- 稳恒黑洞的事件视界(event horizon of stationary black hole),244–245
- 辐射(radiation),239,412–422
- 奇点定理(singularity theorems),242
- 温度(temperature),376,413–414
Heisenberg 运动方程(Heisenberg equation of motion),384
Heisenberg 图景(Heisenberg picture),380,383–384
Higgs 场(Higgs fields),44
Hilbert 作用量(Hilbert action),161,299
Hilbert 空间(Hilbert space),380,390,435
Hodge 对偶(Hodge duality),86,87
全息原理(Holographic principle),421
回路的完整群(Holonomy of loop),481
均匀性(Homogeneity),323–324,366,369
视界问题(Horizon problem),366
Hubble 常数(Hubble constant),336,355–356
Hubble 定律(Hubble law),346
Hubble 长度(Hubble length),336–337
Hubble 参数(Hubble parameter)
- 定义(defined),336
- 膨胀率下降(expansion rate, decreasing),339
- 作为摩擦项(as friction term),360–361
- 慢滚(slow-roll),369–370
Hubble 时间(Hubble time),337
流体静力平衡方程:见 Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff 方程(Hydrostatic equilibrium, equation of. See Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation)
超曲面(Hypersurface)
- 黑洞边界(boundary of black holes),239
- 超曲面丛(congruence),462
- 外曲率(extrinsic curvature),449–451
- 第一基本形式(first fundamental form),449
- Gaussian 法坐标(Gaussian normal coordinates),445–447
- 生成元(generator),443–444
- 诱导度规(induced metric),427,447
- 性质(properties),443–452
- 第二基本形式(second fundamental form),450
- Stokes 定理(Stokes’s Theorem),455
恒等映射(Identity map),23,96,485
浸入子流形(Immersed submanifold),439
Riemann 张量的独立分量(Independent components, Riemann tensor),127–128
指标(Indices)
- 反对称化(antisymmetry),26–28
- 基向量(basis vectors),17
- 缩并(contraction),25,28
- 哑指标(dummy),9
- 次序(order),22
- 正交归一(平直)(orthonormal (flat)),483–486
- 升降指标(raising and lowering),25
- 空间指标(spatial),8
- 求和约定(summation convention),8–9
- 对称化(symmetry),26–28
子流形的诱导度规(Induced metric, submanifold),427,447–448
惯性坐标:另见局部惯性坐标(Inertial coordinates. See also locally inertial coordinates)
- Minkowski 时空(Minkowski space),6–8
- 其中的时钟同步(synchronizing clocks in),7
惯性标架:见惯性坐标(Inertial frame. See inertial coordinates)
无限红移面(Infinite redshift surface),247
无穷远(Infinity)
- 从无穷远观察到的加速度(acceleration viewed from),246–247
- 反 de Sitter 空间(anti-de Sitter space),327–328
- 渐近平直性(asymptotic flatness),197,249–253
- 共形无穷远(conformal),475–476
暴胀(Inflation),320,365–374,369,377
信息丢失悖论(Information loss paradox),418–420
初值问题(Initial-value problems),78
内积(Inner product),23
瞬时物理距离(Instantaneous physical distance),345
积分曲线(Integral curves),430
积分子流形(Integral submanifold),440
流形上的积分(Integration on manifolds),88–90,453–457
干涉仪(Interferometers),317–318
间隔(Interval)
- 固有时(proper time),9
- 时空间隔(spacetime),7
逆映射(Inverse map),58
逆度规张量(Inverse metric tensor),23–24,71
可逆映射(Invertible map),58
黑洞的不可约质量(Irreducible mass of black hole),270
孤立磁荷(磁单极子)(Isolated magnetic charges (monopoles)),255
等距映射(Isometries),134–139,436–437
各向同性(Isotropy),323–324,366
映射的 Jacobian(Jacobian of map),62
Jordan 标架(Jordan frame),184
Kerr(旋转)黑洞(Kerr (rotating) black holes)
- 角速度(angular velocity),266
- Boyer–Lindquist 坐标(Boyer–Lindquist coordinates),262
- 能层(ergosphere),264
- Killing 张量(Killing tensor),263
- 度规(metrics),262–263
- 奇点(singularity),265
- 对称性(symmetry),261
Killing 视界(Killing horizon)
- 从无穷远观察到的加速度(acceleration viewed from infinity),246–247
- 定义(defined),244
- 与事件视界的比较(event horizon versus),244–245
- Minkowski 时空(Minkowski space),245,405
- 稳恒而非静态的时空(stationary, nonstatic spacetime),247–248
- 表面引力(surface gravity),245–246
Killing 方程(Killing’s equation),136,437
Killing 张量(Killing tensor),136–137,263,344
Killing 向量(Killing vectors)
- 共形(conformal),495
- 守恒能量(conserved energy),137–138,344
- 定义(defined),135–137,436–437
- 欧几里得空间(Euclidean space),138–139
- Komar 积分(Komar integral),251–252
- 最大对称空间(maximally symmetric space),140
- Minkowski 时空(Minkowski space),149,245,405
- 与 Riemann 张量相关的导数(Riemann tensor, relating derivatives),137
- Schwarzschild 度规(Schwarzschild metric),206–208
- 球对称(spherical symmetry),138–139,149,197–198
- 自旋(spin),253–254
Klein 瓶(Klein bottle),60
Klein–Gordon 方程(Klein–Gordon equation),42,160,360,386–389
Komar 积分(Komar integral),251–252
Kronecker delta(Kronecker delta),23,83–84
Kruskal 坐标与图(Kruskal coordinates and diagram),225–226
Lagrangian 密度(Lagrange density),38,159–160
GR 的 Lagrangian 表述(Lagrangian formulation of GR),159–165
Lagrangian(Lagrangian),37
激光干涉仪(Laser interferometers),317–318
正交归一基中的拉丁指标(Latin index, orthonormal bases),483
Leibniz 法则(Leibniz rule),67
透镜方程(Lens equation),351
Lense–Thirring 效应(Lense–Thirring effect),320
透镜效应(Lensing)
- 宇宙学透镜(cosmological),349–355
- Minkowski 背景(Minkowski background),288–293
- 势(potential),352–353
- 强透镜(strong),355
- 弱透镜(weak),355
轻子(Leptons),44,363
Levi–Civita 联络:见 Christoffel 联络(Levi–Civita connection. See Christoffel connection)
Levi–Civita 张量(Levi–Civita tensor),24,82–83,86,90,448
Lie 括号(Lie bracket),67,433
Lie 导数(Lie derivatives),429–437
光:另见类光测地线(Light. See also null geodesics)
- 太阳造成的偏折(deflection by sun),291–292
- 光线的会聚(rays, convergence),353
- 光速(speed of),7–8
光锥(Light cones)
- 共形变换(conformal transformations),471
- 弯曲几何中的定义(curved geometry, defining),76–77
- 定义(defined),4–5,9
- 从大爆炸奇点开始膨胀的宇宙中(in universe expanding from Big Bang singularity),367
- Lorentz 变换下的不变性(invariance under Lorentz transformation),15
类光:见类光路径、类光分离(Lightlike (null). See Null paths, Null separated)
线性化引力(Linearized gravity),274–286
线元(Line element),11,71
Liouville 定理(Liouville’s theorem),353
局部惯性坐标(Locally inertial coordinates),73–76,111–113
局部惯性标架(Locally inertial frames),50–51,73–74,483–486
回望时间(Lookback time),349
回路的完整群(Loop, holonomy of),481
Lorentz 力(Lorentz force),32–33
Lorentz 型或伪 Riemann 型度规张量(Lorentzian or pseudo-Riemannian metric tensor),73
Lorentz 变换(Lorentz transformation)
- 基向量(basis vectors),18
- 定义(defined),12–15
- 对偶向量(dual vector),20
- Fock 基(Fock basis),390–393
- 逆变换(inverse),18
- 局部变换(local),486
- 张量(tensor),22
- 向量(vectors),17
Lorenz 规范(Lorenz gauge),284–285,301,321
光度(Luminosity),346–348,355
孤立磁荷(Magnetic charges, isolated),255
放大率(Magnification),354
放大率张量(Magnification tensor),353–354
流形(Manifolds)
- 基底以及与向量空间的并(base, union with vector spaces),16,493–494
- 带边界(with boundary),451–452
- 因果性(causality),78–82
- 覆盖流形的坐标图(chart, covering),60–62
- 共形图(conformal diagrams),471–478
- 曲率的描述(curvature, describing),72
- 描述(described),3,54–62
- 微分同胚与 Lie 导数(diffeomorphisms and lie derivatives),429–437
- 微分形式(differential forms),84–87
- 额外维流形的尺度(extra-dimensional, size of),189
- 四维 Minkowski 时空(four-dimensional Minkowski space),9
- 引力作为几何(gravity as geometry),48–54
- 积分(integration),88–90,453–458
- 流形之间的映射(maps between),423–427
- 最大对称空间(maximally symmetric space),140–144,323–329
- 度规张量(metric tensor),71–76
- 非坐标基(noncoordinate bases),483–495
- 不属于流形的对象(objects that are not),56–57
- 把切空间映射到流形区域(region, mapping tangent space to),111
- Riemann 张量(Riemann tensor),124–125
- 奇点(singularities),111–112,204–205
- Stokes 定理(Stokes’s Theorem),453–458
- 子流形(submanifolds),439–452
映射(Mapping)
- 流形(manifold),57,423–427
- 切空间与流形区域(tangent space manifold region),111
质量(Mass)
- Newton 理论中的加速度(acceleration, according to Newton),1
- 渐近平直时空(asymptotically flat spacetime),249–253
- 黑洞(black holes),248–254,259,270
- 狭义相对论(SR)(special relativity (SR)),49–50
物质(Matter)
- 不对称性(asymmetry),365
- 暗物质(dark),359
- 作为尘埃(as dust),33,119–120,334
- 能量密度(energy density),119–120,334–335,338–343,356
- 普通物质(ordinary),358–359
- 对时空曲率的响应(response to spacetime curvature),2
- 物质主导宇宙(universe dominated by),76,334,340,365
最大延拓的 Schwarzschild 解(Maximally extended Schwarzschild solution),222–229
最大对称空间(Maximally symmetric space)
- 欧几里得空间(Euclidean),140
- 等距映射(isometries),139–140
- Minkowski 时空(Minkowski space),144
- Poincaré 半平面(Poincaré half-plane),141–142
- Riemann 张量(Riemann tensor),140–141,324
- 时空(spacetimes),323–329
- 球面(spheres),140
Maxwell 方程(Maxwell’s equations)
- 弯曲时空(curved spacetime),178
- 平直时空(flat spacetime),29–30
- 微分形式(differential forms),86–87
Mercator 投影(Mercator projection),61
Mercury 近日点进动(Mercury’s perihelion, precession of),291–292
度规(Metric)
- 相容联络(compatible connection),99–100
- 定义(defined),8
- 诱导度规(induced),427–447
- 局部惯性坐标(locally inertial coordinates),73–74
- 对能量与动量的响应:见 Einstein 方程(response to energy and momentum. See Einstein’s equation)
- 符号约定(sign convention),8
- 标准形(canonical form),73
- 不定型(Lorentz 型或伪 Riemann 型)(indefinite (Lorentzian or pseudo-Riemannian)),73
- 正定型(欧几里得型或 Riemann 型)(positive (Euclidean or Riemannian)),73
- 性质(properties),71–75
- 号差(signature),73
- 作用于两个向量(内积)(on two vectors (inner product)),23
度规微扰:见弱场极限(Metric perturbation. See Weak-field limit)
微引力透镜(Microlensing),352
Milne 宇宙(Milne universe),341
最小耦合原理(Minimal-coupling principle),152–153,179–181,395
Minkowski 时空(Minkowski space)
- 经典场论(classical field theory),37–45
- 共形图(conformal diagrams),471–476
- 描述(described),4–11
- 对偶向量(dual vectors),18–20
- 电磁学(electromagnetism),29–30
- 能量与动量(energy and momentum),30–37
- 惯性坐标(inertial coordinates),6–8
- 等距映射(isometries),134,149,245,405
- Killing 视界(Killing horizon),245,405
- Lorentz 变换(Lorentz transformations),12–15
- 最大对称时空(maximally symmetric spacetime),144
- 点粒子电荷(point particle charge),457
- 量子场论(quantum field theory),385–394,402–412
- 时空图(spacetime diagram),9
- 张量(tensors),21–29
- 拓扑(topology of),85–86
- Unruh 效应(Unruh effect),402–412
- 向量(vectors),15–18
Misner 空间(Misner space),81
动量四维向量:另见能量-动量张量(Momentum four-vector),31–32,109;另见能量-动量张量(See also energy-momentum tensor)
磁单极子(Monopoles),255
裸奇点(Naked singularity),243,256–257
自然单位(Natural units),38
NEC:见类光能量条件(NEC. See Null Energy Condition)
负曲率宇宙:见开宇宙(Negatively curved universe. See open universe)
中性微子(Neutralinos),359
中微子(Neutrinos),363–364
中子星(Neutron star)
- 形成(creation),235
- 发出的引力辐射(gravitational radiation from),319
- 真空态(vacuum state),415
Newton 理论(Newton’s theories)
- 加速度(acceleration),1,151
- 引力常数(gravitational constant),151
- 引力理论(of gravity),1,48–49,153–154
- 作为 GR 的极限(as limit of GR),153–154,157–158,286–293
- 第二定律(Second Law),1,32–33
无毛定理(No-hair theorem),238–239
引力波观测站噪声(Noise, gravitational-wave observatories),318
非重子暗物质(Nonbaryonic dark matter),359
非坐标基(Noncoordinate bases),74,483–495
向量的范数(Norm of a vector),23
维球面(n-sphere),55 维环面(n-torus),55核子与核结合能(Nucleon, nuclear binding energy),363
核合成(Nucleosynthesis),364
类光能量条件(Null Energy Condition),175–176
类光超曲面(Null hypersurface),240–241,244–245,443–445
类光路径(Null paths)
- 定义(defined),31
- 测地线(geodesics),109–110
- 作为超曲面生成元(as hypersurface generators),443–445
类光分离(Null separated),9
粒子数密度(Number density),33–34,335
粒子数通量四维向量(Number-flux four-vector),33–34
粒子数算符(Number operator),382–383,390,397,410–411
一形式:见对偶向量(One-forms. See dual vectors)
一一映射(One-to-one map),57
开球/开集(Open ball/set),59
开宇宙(Open universe),330,337,343
Oppenheimer–Volkoff 极限(Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit),235
普通物质(Ordinary matter),358–359
正交变换(Orthogonal transformations),13,485
正交向量(Orthogonal vectors),23
正交归一基(Orthonormal basis),483–484
Palatini 形式体系(Palatini formalism),191
平行公设(Parallel postulate),144
平行传播子(Parallel propagator),479–481
平行移动(Parallel transport)
- 描述(described),103–104
- 方向协变导数(directional covariant derivative),105
- 传播子(propagator),479–481
- Riemann 曲率张量(Riemann curvature tensor),122
- 直线(straight line),106
部分 Cauchy 曲面(Partial Cauchy surface),80
偏导数(Partial derivatives)
- 可交换性(commuting),29
- 转换为协变导数(covariant derivatives, converting to),101–102
- 梯度(gradient),20
- 张量(tensors),28,70
粒子加速器(Particle accelerator),393
粒子(Particles)
- 探测(detecting),398,399
- 能量与动量(energy and momentum),32,47
- 平直时空(flat spacetime),386
- Minkowski 真空态中(in Minkowski vacuum state),412
- 测试粒子(test),108
- Unruh 效应(Unruh effect),402
路径(Path)
- 穿过时空的轨迹(locus through spacetime),4–5
- 最短可能距离:见测地线(of shortest possible distance. See geodesics)
- 沿其移动并保持向量不变:见平行移动(vector, moving along and keeping constant. See parallel transport)
路径排序符号(Path-ordering symbol),480–481
Peccei–Quinn 对称性(Peccei–Quinn symmetry),359
Penrose(Penrose)
- 图(diagrams),471–478
- 黑洞过程(process for black holes),267–272
- 奇点定理(singularity theorems),242
Mercury 近日点进动(Perihelion, precession of Mercury’s),291–292
微扰理论(Perturbation theory)
- 引力辐射造成的能量损失(energy loss due to gravitation radiation),307–315
- 自由度(freedom, degrees of),279–286
- 引力波(gravitational waves)
- 探测(detecting),315–320
- 产生(producing),300–307
- 解(solutions),293–300
- 与暴胀(inflation and),377
- 线性化引力与规范变换(linearized gravity and gauge transformations),274–278
- Newton 极限(Newtonian limit),153–154,157–158,286–293
- 弦理论(string theory),143–144
相空间密度的 Liouville 守恒定理(Phase-space density, Liouville’s conservation theorem),353
光子(Photons)
- 作为辐射的成分(as component of radiation),356
- 产生(creation),349
- 能量(energy),110
- 类光测地线(null geodesics),109–110
- 粒子数密度(number density),335
- 静态 Newton 场中的路径(path of in static Newtonian field),288–289
- 散粒噪声(shot noise),318
- 速度(speed),7–8
- 微扰理论中的轨迹(trajectories in perturbation theory),286–293
- 波长与频率成反比:见红移(wavelength inverse to frequency. See redshift)
Planck 谱(Planck spectrum),411
平面波(Plane waves),294,295,387–388
Poincaré(Poincaré)
- 变换(transformations),14
- 半平面(half-plane),141–142
时空中的单个点:见事件(Point, individual in spacetime. See event)
点质量(Point mass)
- 偏折角的计算(deflection angle, evaluating),291
- 引力透镜(gravitational lensing),351
点粒子电荷(Point particle charge),457
Poisson 方程(Poisson equation)
- 从 GR 推导(derived from GR),158,287–288
- 被 Einstein 方程取代(Einstein’s equation superseding),155
- Newton 引力(Newtonian gravity),1,151
偏振(Polarization)
- CMB(CMB),373–374
- 引力波解(gravitational wave solutions),298–299
正能量定理(Schoen 与 Yau)(Positive energy theorem (Shoen and Yau)),253
正曲率宇宙:见闭宇宙(Positively curved universe. See Closed universe)
原像(Preimage),58
压强:另见能量-动量张量、状态方程参数(Pressure. See also energy-momentum tensors, equation-of-state parameter)
压强(续)(Pressure (continued))
- 定义(defined),33–37
- 能量条件(energy conditions),174–177
- 物质(尘埃)(matter (dust)),85,234
- 完美流体(perfect fluid),34
- 辐射(radiation),35,335–336
- 第二 Friedmann 方程中(in second Friedmann equation),336
- 真空(vacuum),35,335–336
等效原理:见等效原理(Principle of Equivalence. See Equivalence principle)
Mercator 投影(Projection, Mercator),61
投影张量(Projection tensor),36,312,449–451,460,463–465
固有运动距离(Proper motion distance),348
固有时(Proper time)
- 作为仿射参数(as affine parameter),109
- 测地线给出极大值(geodesics as maxima of),106–108,110–111
- 时空间隔(spacetime interval),9
质子(Protons),358,363–365
拉回(Pullback),423,425–426
脉冲星(Pulsars),235
推前(Pushforward),424–425
四极矩(Quadrupole moment),304–306,312–314
量子色动力学(QCD)(Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)),167,363
量子电动力学(QED)(Quantum electrodynamics (QED)),87,166–167
量子场论(QFT)(Quantum field theory (QFT))
- 黑洞的蒸发与消失(black holes, evaporation and disappearance of),239,412–422
- 弯曲时空(curved spacetime),394–402
- 有效场论(effective field theory),45,180,189
- Feynman 图(Feynman diagrams),166–167,416
- 平直时空(flat spacetime),385–394
- 平行移动(parallel transport),479
- Unruh 效应(Unruh effect),402–412
量子引力理论(Quantum theory of gravity),166–167,170–171,299–300,376,418–421
夸克(Quarks),44,362–363
辐射(Radiation)
- 大爆炸遗留辐射(Big Bang, leftover from),356–358
- 能量密度(energy density),335,356
- 状态方程(equation of state),119,334–335
- Hawking 辐射(Hawking),239,412–422
- 辐射主导的宇宙(universe dominated by)
- 成分(components),356
- 早期(early period),365
- 膨胀(expansion),76,340
Radion(Radion),189
半径(Radius)
- Einstein 半径(Einstein),351
- Schwarzschild 半径(Schwarzschild),413–414
- 球面半径(of sphere),132–133
Raychaudhuri 方程(Raychaudhuri’s equation),149,167–168,191–192,375,461–462
实向量空间(Real vector space),16
退行速度(Recession velocity),346
再坍缩(Recollapse),342–343
复合(Recombination),364,367–368
红移(Redshift)
- 宇宙学红移(cosmological),116–117,344–349
- 因子(factor),246,411–412
- 引力红移(gravitational),52–54,216–218
- 辐射密度(radiation density),335
约化透镜角(Reduced lensing angle),350
约化四极矩(Reduced quadrupole moment),313
Reissner–Nordström 黑洞(Reissner–Nordström black holes),254–261
测地线之间的相对加速度(Relative acceleration between geodesics),145
相对论:见广义相对论、狭义相对论(Relativity. See general relativity, special relativity)
Ricci 标量(Ricci scalar),129–130
Ricci 张量(Ricci tensor)
- 共形变换(conformal transformation),468
- 定义(defined),129
- 最大对称空间(maximally symmetric space),328
- 取迹(tracing),129–130
Riemann 法坐标(Riemann normal coordinates),112–113
Riemann 曲面(Riemann surfaces),55–56,143–144
Riemann 张量(Riemann tensor)
- Cartan 结构方程(Cartan structure equations),488–489
- 刻画曲率(characterizing curvature),124–126
- 协变导数的对易子(commutator of covariant derivatives),122–123
- 共形变换(conformal transformation),468
- 缩并(contraction),129–131
- 定义(defined),122
- 测地线偏离(geodesic deviation),144
- 独立分量(independent components),127–128
- 最大对称流形(maximally symmetric manifold),141,324
- 沿回路的平行移动(parallel transport around a loop),121,148
- 非坐标基(noncoordinate bases),488–489
- 与 Killing 向量的导数关系(relating derivatives of Killing vectors),137
- 无迹部分由 Weyl 张量捕捉(trace-free parts, capturing (Weyl tensor)),130
- Ricci 张量的迹反转版本,即 Einstein 张量(trace-reversed version of Ricci tensor (Einstein tensor)),130–131
Rindler 观察者(Rindler observer),404–405,407–408
Rindler 空间(Rindler space),404,407–408,410–411
旋转(Kerr)黑洞的环奇点(Ring singularity, rotating (Kerr) black holes),265
RMS(均方根)密度涨落(RMS (root-mean-square) density fluctuation),371
Robertson–Walker 度规:另见宇宙学(Robertson–Walker metric. See also Cosmology)
- 共形图(conformal diagram),478
- 描述(described),329–333
- 平直宇宙中(in flat universe),76,78,113–120
- Gaussian 法坐标(Gaussian normal coordinates),447
旋转黑洞:见 Kerr 黑洞(Rotating black holes. See Kerr black holes)
旋转(Rotations)
- 测地线丛(geodesic congruence),461,464
- 旋转不变性(各向同性)(invariance under (isotropy)),324
- Lorentz 变换(Lorentz transformation),12
圆球面(Round sphere),132–133
圆括号/方括号(Round/square brackets),27
卫星引力波观测站(Satellite gravitational-wave observatories),318,319–320
标量场:见场,标量(Scalar field. See Field, scalar)
标量函数(Scalar function),19–20,28
标量积:见内积(Scalar product. See inner product)
标量-张量理论(Scalar-tensor theories),181–184,300
尺度因子(Scale factor),76–78,113–120,329,338–344
Schrödinger 图景(Schrödinger picture),380,383–384
Schwarzschild 几何(Schwarzschild geometry)
- Birkhoff 定理(Birkhoff’s theorem),197–204
- 圆轨道(circular orbits),211–212
- 共形图(conformal diagram),229
- 守恒量(conserved quantities),206–208
- Eddington–Finkelstein 坐标(Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates),220–221
- 事件视界(event horizon),222,241–242
- 测地线(geodesics),205–212
- 引力红移(gravitational redshift),216–218
- Killing 视界(Killing horizon),247–248
- Killing 向量(Killing vectors),197–198,203–204,207
- Kruskal(最大)延拓(Kruskal (maximal) extension),222–228
- 质量(mass),193,196,251–252
- 度规(metric),193–197
- 近日点进动(precession of perihelia),213–216
- Schwarzschild 半径(Schwarzschild radius),196,205,222
- 奇点(singularities),204–205
- 表面引力(surface gravity),247–248
- 乌龟坐标(tortoise coordinate),220
- 白洞(white hole),227
- 虫洞(wormhole),227–228
子流形的第二基本形式(Second fundamental form of submanifolds),450
地震噪声(Seismic noise),318
自伴算符(Self-adjoint operators),380
分号(Semicolon)
- “逗号变分号”规则(“Comma-Goes-to-Semicolon” rule),152
- 协变导数(covariant derivatives),97
SEP:见强等效原理(SEP. See Strong Equivalence Principle)
集合(Set),15–16
Shapiro 时间延迟(Shapiro time delay),218,292–293
剪切(Shear)
- 测地线丛(geodesic congruence),460–461,464
- 引力透镜(gravitational lensing),354
散粒噪声(Shot noise),318
度规号差(Signature metric),73
奇点(Singularities)
- 大爆炸(Big Bang),76,340
- 因果性(causality),81–82
- 宇宙审查(cosmic censorship),243
- 坐标奇点(coordinate),204
- Kerr(Kerr),264–265
- 流形中的奇点(测地线不完备)(in manifold (geodesically incomplete)),111–112
- 裸奇点(naked),243,256–257
- Reissner–Nordström(Reissner–Nordström),256–259
- Schwarzschild(Schwarzschild),204–205
奇点定理(Singularity theorems),242–243,376,461–462
慢滚参数(Slow-roll parameters),369–370
S 矩阵(S-matrix),385
光滑映射(Smooth maps),58
类空分离(Spacelike separated),9
时空(Spacetime)
- 因果性(causality),4–5,9,78–82
- 坐标记号(coordinates, denoting),8
- 曲率:见曲率(curvature. See Curvature)
- 定义(defined),4
- 对偶向量(一形式)(dual vectors (one-forms)),18–20,68
- 能量与动量(energy and momentum),30–37
- 引力作为时空曲率(gravity as curvature of),1–2,50–54,153–154,156–158
- Lorentz 变换(Lorentz transformations),12–15
- 所列最大对称性(maximal symmetry, listed),328
- Newton 时空(Newtonian),3–4
- 张量(tensors),21–29,68–70
- 向量(vectors),15–18,63–67
弯曲时空:见曲率、广义相对论、时空(Spacetime, curved. See Curvature, General relativity, Spacetime)
时空间隔(Spacetime interval),7
时空图(Spacetime diagram),9
狭义相对论(SR)(Special relativity (SR))
- 加速度(acceleration),11
- 背景(background),1–3
- 描述(described),3–11
- 能量与动量(energy and momentum),30–37
- 惯性标架(inertial frame),6–7
- Minkowski 时空(Minkowski space),8
光速:见光,光速(Speed of light. See Light, speed of)
球面(Sphere),55,60–62,132–133,139,141
球对称(Spherical symmetry),139,149,194,197–201
自旋(Spin)
- 黑洞(black holes),248–254
- 联络(connection),486
- 引力波解(gravitational wave solutions),299
自旋量(Spinor),44
SR:见狭义相对论(SR. See Special relativity)
粒子物理标准模型(Standard Model of particle physics),44,359
状态方程:另见状态方程参数(State, equation of),33;另见状态方程参数(See also equation-of-state parameter)
静态引力的建模(Static gravitating forces, modeling),286–287
静态度规(Static metric),191–192,203–204,244–248
静止极限面(Stationary limit surface),247
稳恒度规(Stationary metric),203–204,238,244–248
恒星内部解(Stellar interior solutions),229–235
Stokes 定理(Stokes’s theorem),39–40,453–458
应力-能量张量:见能量-动量张量(Stress-energy tensor. See energy-momentum tensor)
弦标架(String frame),184
弦理论(String theory)
- AdS/CFT 对应(AdS/CFT correspondence),328,421
- 与黑洞熵(and black hole entropy),419–420
- 引力波线索(gravitational wave clues),299–300
- 全息原理(holographic principle),421
- 其中的微扰理论(perturbation theory in),143–144
- 作为量子引力理论(as quantum theory of gravity),171
强能量条件(Strong Energy Condition),175–176,462
强等效原理(SEP)(Strong Equivalence Principle (SEP)),50
子流形(Submanifolds)
- 定义(defined),439–440
- 超曲面(hypersurfaces),443–452
求和约定(Summation convention),9
太阳造成的光偏折(Sun, light deflection by),291–292
超新星(Supernovae),319,355–356
生成曲面的一形式(Surface-forming one-forms),441
表面引力(Surface gravity),245–248,271,413
用 Stokes 定理转换表面项(Surface term, converting by Stokes’s theorem),39–40,160,162
对称张量(Symmetric tensors),26
对称性:另见 Killing 向量(Symmetry. See also Killing vectors)
- 反物质与物质(antimatter and matter),365
- 守恒量(conserved quantities),133–139
- 用圆括号/方括号表示(denoting with round/square brackets),27
- 微分同胚不变性(diffeomorphism invariance),434–436
- 与广义相对论(GR)(general relativity (GR) and),133–134
- 等距映射(isometries),134–139,436–437
- 建模:见共形图(modeling. See conformal diagrams)
- 使 Riemann 张量分量消失或彼此相关(Riemann tensor components, vanishing or related by),133
- 旋转黑洞(rotating black holes),261
- 球对称(spherical),238
- 张量运算(tensors, manipulating),27
时钟同步(Synchronizing clocks),7
同步规范(Synchronous gauge),284,447
切丛(Tangent bundle),16
切向量(Tangent vector),15–16,63,64–65
弯曲时空中的 Taylor 展开(Taylor expansion in curved spacetime),107
温度(Temperature)
- 加速宇宙的温度(Gibbons–Hawking)(of accelerating universe (Gibbons–Hawking)),371
- 黑洞温度(Hawking)(of a black hole (Hawking)),376,414
- CMB(CMB),357,361
- 膨胀宇宙(of expanding universe),361–362
- 量子色动力学(QCD)(quantum chromodynamics (QCD)),363
- 加速观察者所见(Unruh 效应)(seen by accelerating observer (Unruh effect)),411
张量积(Tensor product),21
张量(Tensors)
- 定义(defined),21
- 密度(densities)
- Kronecker delta 的反对称乘积(antisymmetrical product of Kronecker deltas),83–84
- Levi–Civita 符号(Levi–Civita symbol),82–83
- 权重(Jacobian 的幂次)(weight (Jacobian, power raised to)),83
- 微分形式(differential forms)
- 闭形式(closed),85
- 定义(defined),84
- 上同调空间的维数(dimensionality of cohomology spaces),85–86
- 恰当形式(exact),85
- 外微分(exterior derivative),84–85
- Hodge 对偶(Hodge duality),86,87
- Levi–Civita(Levi–Civita),86
- 楔积(wedge product),84
- 对偶向量(dual vectors),18–19,68–69
- 电磁场强(electromagnetic field strength),24–25
- 逆度规(inverse metric),23–24,71
- Levi–Civita 符号(Levi–Civita symbol),24
- Levi–Civita 张量(Levi–Civita tensor),83–84
- 沿向量场的 Lie 导数(Lie derivative along vector field),431–433
- Lorentz 变换(Lorentz transformation),22,486
- 流形(manifolds),68–70
- 运算(manipulating)
- 反对称(antisymmetric),26
- 缩并(contraction),25
- 升降指标(indices, raise and lower),25–26
- 偏导数(partial derivatives),28
- 对称(symmetric),26,27
- 取迹(trace),28
- 度规(metric)
- 标准形(canonical form),73
- 坐标(coordinates),71–72,74–76
- 定义(defining),8,71
- 不定型(Lorentz 型或伪 Riemann 型)(indefinite (Lorentzian or pseudo-Riemannian)),73
- 正定型(欧几里得型或 Riemann 型)(positive (Euclidean or Riemannian)),73
- 号差(signature),73
- 作用于两个向量(内积)(on two vectors (inner product)),23
- 平行移动(parallel-transporting),102–105,479–481
- 变换定律(transformation law),22,69,429–430,486
地面引力波观测站(Terrestrial gravitational-wave observatory),316–319
测试粒子(Test particles)
- 测地线(geodesics),108
- 引力波解(gravitational wave solutions),296–298
四脚架(Tetrad),483,487
黑洞热力学(Thermodynamics, black hole),267–272,416–417
时间(Time)
- 共形时间(conformal),477
- 引力延迟(gravitational delay),292
- Hubble 时间(Hubble),336–337
- 固有时(proper),9,11
类时路径(Timelike paths),109
类时分离(Timelike separated),9
时间平移不变性(Time-translation invariance),120
Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff 方程(Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation),233
挠率张量(Torsion tensor)
- 涉及它的联络(connection involving),128–129
- 定义(defined),98
- 一形式(one-form),488–489
环面(Torus),55,131–132
渐近平直时空的总能量(Total energy of asymptotically flat spacetime),249–253
迹(Trace)
- 无迹部分由 Weyl 张量捕捉(parts free of, capturing (Weyl tensor)),130
- Ricci 张量的迹反转版本(reversed version of Ricci tensor),130–131
- 张量运算(tensors, manipulating),28
变换:另见 Lorentz 变换(Transformation. See also Lorentz transformation)
- Bogoliubov 变换(Bogolubov),398–399,408
- 共形变换(conformal),467–469
- 坐标变换(coordinate),66–67,69,429–430,486
- Fourier 变换(Fourier),283–284
- 规范变换(gauge),42,274–278,300–301,493
- 一般坐标变换(general coordinate),486
- 回路的完整群(holonomy of loop),481
- Poincaré 变换(Poincaré),12–14
- 连续变换的集合(set of continuous),56
平移(Translations),12,134–135,324
移动:见平行移动(Transport. See parallel transport)
横向规范(Transverse gauge),283,287
横向无迹规范(Transverse traceless gauge),293–294
陷获面(Trapped surface),242
双生子悖论(Twin paradox),10
二维球面:见球面(Two-sphere. See Sphere.)
宇宙:见宇宙学(Universe. See Cosmology)
Unruh 效应(Unruh effect),402–412
Unruh 真空(Unruh vacuum),414
真空:另见真空能(Vacuum. See also vacuum energy)
- Boulware 真空(Boulware vacuum),414
- Hadamard 条件(Hadamard condition),401
- Hartle–Hawking 真空(Hartle–Hawking vacuum),414
- 暴胀(inflation),371–374
- 最大对称时空(maximally symmetric spacetimes),323–329
- 量子真空(quantum),382,390–391,396–401
- Unruh 效应(Unruh effect),407–412
- Unruh 真空(Unruh vacuum),414
真空能(Vacuum energy)
- 巧合问题(coincidence problem),359
- 宇宙学常数(cosmological constant),171–174,359
- 宇宙学效应(cosmological effects),335,338–344,355–356
- 能量-动量张量(energy-momentum tensor),35,171–172
- 演化(evolution),119–120,338,341
- 期望值(expected value),172–174,190,393–394
- 暴胀(inflation),368
- 测量值(measured),174,343,355–356,358–361
- 量子场论(quantum field theory),173,393–394,400–401
向量(Vector)
- 可以相加并乘以实数的集合(collection that can be added and multiplied by real numbers),16
- 对易子(commutator),67
- 分量(components),17
- 坐标基(coordinate basis),65–66
- 微分同胚(diffeomorphisms),430
- 维数(dimension),17
- 作为方向导数(as directional derivatives),63–64
- 散度与边界上数值的关系(Stokes 定理)(divergence to value on boundary (Stokes’s Theorem)),455
- 对偶向量(一形式)(dual (one-forms)),18–20
- 四维向量(four-vectors)(four-dimensional (four-vectors)),15
- 沿场的 Lie 导数(Lie derivative along field),431–433
- Lorentz 变换(Lorentz transformation),17–18,66
- 非坐标基(noncoordinate basis),483–486
- 势(potential),42,87
- 推前(pushforward),424–425
- 切空间(tangent space),63–65
- 坐标改变时的变换定律(transformation law under changes in coordinates),66–67
速度(Velocity)
- 旋转(Kerr)黑洞的角速度(angular, rotating (Kerr) black holes),266
- Lorentz 变换中的恒速度向量(constant velocity vector, Lorentz transformation),12
- 宇宙学(cosmology),345–346
- 光速(of light),7–8
Vielbein(Vielbein),483,484–485,487
流形体积积分(Volume, integrating manifolds),89–90
波动方程(Wave equation),396
弱能量条件(Weak Energy Condition),174–176
弱等效原理(WEP)(Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP)),48–50
弱场极限(Weak field limit),153–154,157–158,274–286
WEC:见弱能量条件(WEC. See Weak Energy Condition)
楔积(Wedge product),84
张量密度的权重(Weight, tensor densities),83
WEP:见弱等效原理(WEP. See Weak Equivalence Principle)
Weyl 张量(Weyl tensor),130,169–170
白矮星(White dwarf),235
白洞(White hole),227
Whitney 嵌入定理(Whitney’s embedding theorem),60
世界线(Worldline),4
用 X 射线探测黑洞(X-rays, detecting black holes by),235–236
零点能(Zero-point energy),173,382;另见真空能(See also vacuum energy)